一、科普PCM、DAPM

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最新推荐文章于 2022-11-11 17:08:53 发布

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原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/mark-huang/archive/2013/05/22/ALSA.html

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1. PCM是什么（DAI）

PCM是英文Pulse-code modulation的缩写，中文译名是脉冲编码调制。我们知道在现实生活中，人耳听到的声音是模拟信号，PCM就是要把声音从模拟转换成数字信号的一种技术，他的原理简单地说就是利用一个固定的频率对模拟信号进行采样，采样后的信号在波形上看就像一串连续的幅值不一的脉冲，把这些脉冲的幅值按一定的精度进行量化，这些量化后的数值被连续地输出、传输、处理或记录到存储介质中，所有这些组成了数字音频的产生过程。

PCM：我不知道为什么会取这个模块名，它其实是定义DMA操作的，用于将音频数据通过DMA传到I2S控制器的FIFO中。

關於這點我當時也是一臉愕然，ALSA源碼裡面所說的PCM應該是通指音頻數據流。

音频数据流向：
| DMA | | I2S/PCM/AC97 |
RAM --------> I2SControllerFIFO -----------------> CODEC ----> SPK/Headset

PCM信号的两个重要指标是采样频率和量化精度，目前，CD音频的采样频率通常为44100Hz，量化精度是16bit。通常，播放音乐时，应用程序从存储介质中读取音频数据（MP3、WMA、AAC......），经过解码后，最终送到音频驱动程序中的就是PCM数据，反过来，在录音时，音频驱动不停地把采样所得的PCM数据送回给应用程序，由应用程序完成压缩、存储等任务。所以，音频驱动的两大核心任务就是：

playback 如何把用户空间的应用程序发过来的PCM数据，转化为人耳可以辨别的模拟音频
capture 把mic拾取到得模拟信号，经过采样、量化，转换为PCM信号送回给用户空间的应用程序

二、 Dynamic Audio Power Management

內核中有文檔Documentation\sound\alsa\soc\dapm.txt。

Dynamic Audio Power Management for Portable Devices
===================================================

1. Description
==============

Dynamic Audio Power Management (DAPM) is designed to allow portable
Linux devices to use the minimum amount of power within the audio
subsystem at all times. It is independent of other kernel PM and as
such, can easily co-exist with the other PM systems.

DAPM is also completely transparent to all user space applications as
all power switching is done within the ASoC core. No code changes or
recompiling are required for user space applications. DAPM makes power
switching decisions based upon any audio stream (capture/playback)
activity and audio mixer settings within the device.

DAPM spans the whole machine. It covers power control within the entire
audio subsystem, this includes internal codec power blocks and machine
level power systems.

There are 4 power domains within DAPM

   1. Codec domain - VREF, VMID (core codec and audio power)
      Usually controlled at codec probe/remove and suspend/resume, although
      can be set at stream time if power is not needed for sidetone, etc.

   2. Platform/Machine domain - physically connected inputs and outputs
      Is platform/machine and user action specific, is configured by the
      machine driver and responds to asynchronous events e.g when HP
      are inserted

   3. Path domain - audio susbsystem signal paths
      Automatically set when mixer and mux settings are changed by the user.
      e.g. alsamixer, amixer.

   4. Stream domain - DACs and ADCs.
      Enabled and disabled when stream playback/capture is started and
      stopped respectively. e.g. aplay, arecord.

All DAPM power switching decisions are made automatically by consulting an audio
routing map of the whole machine. This map is specific to each machine and
consists of the interconnections between every audio component (including
internal codec components). All audio components that effect power are called
widgets hereafter.


2. DAPM Widgets
===============

Audio DAPM widgets fall into a number of types:-

 o Mixer      - Mixes several analog signals into a single analog signal.
 o Mux        - An analog switch that outputs only one of many inputs.
 o PGA        - A programmable gain amplifier or attenuation widget.
 o ADC        - Analog to Digital Converter
 o DAC        - Digital to Analog Converter
 o Switch     - An analog switch
 o Input      - A codec input pin
 o Output     - A codec output pin
 o Headphone  - Headphone (and optional Jack)
 o Mic        - Mic (and optional Jack)
 o Line       - Line Input/Output (and optional Jack)
 o Speaker    - Speaker
 o Supply     - Power or clock supply widget used by other widgets.
 o Pre        - Special PRE widget (exec before all others)
 o Post       - Special POST widget (exec after all others)

(Widgets are defined in include/sound/soc-dapm.h)

Widgets are usually added in the codec driver and the machine driver. There are
convenience macros defined in soc-dapm.h that can be used to quickly build a
list of widgets of the codecs and machines DAPM widgets.

Most widgets have a name, register, shift and invert. Some widgets have extra
parameters for stream name and kcontrols.


2.1 Stream Domain Widgets
-------------------------

Stream Widgets relate to the stream power domain and only consist of ADCs
(analog to digital converters) and DACs (digital to analog converters).

Stream widgets have the following format:-

SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC(name, stream name, reg, shift, invert),

NOTE: the stream name must match the corresponding stream name in your codec
snd_soc_codec_dai.

e.g. stream widgets for HiFi playback and capture

SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC("HiFi DAC", "HiFi Playback", REG, 3, 1),
SND_SOC_DAPM_ADC("HiFi ADC", "HiFi Capture", REG, 2, 1),


2.2 Path Domain Widgets
-----------------------

Path domain widgets have a ability to control or affect the audio signal or
audio paths within the audio subsystem. They have the following form:-

SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA(name, reg, shift, invert, controls, num_controls)

Any widget kcontrols can be set using the controls and num_controls members.

e.g. Mixer widget (the kcontrols are declared first)

/* Output Mixer */
static const snd_kcontrol_new_t wm8731_output_mixer_controls[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Line Bypass Switch", WM8731_APANA, 3, 1, 0),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Mic Sidetone Switch", WM8731_APANA, 5, 1, 0),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("HiFi Playback Switch", WM8731_APANA, 4, 1, 0),
};

SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Output Mixer", WM8731_PWR, 4, 1, wm8731_output_mixer_controls,
    ARRAY_SIZE(wm8731_output_mixer_controls)),

If you dont want the mixer elements prefixed with the name of the mixer widget,
you can use SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER_NAMED_CTL instead. the parameters are the same
as for SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER.

2.3 Platform/Machine domain Widgets
-----------------------------------

Machine widgets are different from codec widgets in that they don't have a
codec register bit associated with them. A machine widget is assigned to each
machine audio component (non codec) that can be independently powered. e.g.

 o Speaker Amp
 o Microphone Bias
 o Jack connectors

A machine widget can have an optional call back.

e.g. Jack connector widget for an external Mic that enables Mic Bias
when the Mic is inserted:-

static int spitz_mic_bias(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget* w, int event)
{
    gpio_set_value(SPITZ_GPIO_MIC_BIAS, SND_SOC_DAPM_EVENT_ON(event));
    return 0;
}

SND_SOC_DAPM_MIC("Mic Jack", spitz_mic_bias),


2.4 Codec Domain
----------------

The codec power domain has no widgets and is handled by the codecs DAPM event
handler. This handler is called when the codec powerstate is changed wrt to any
stream event or by kernel PM events.


2.5 Virtual Widgets
-------------------

Sometimes widgets exist in the codec or machine audio map that don't have any
corresponding soft power control. In this case it is necessary to create
a virtual widget - a widget with no control bits e.g.

SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("AC97 Mixer", SND_SOC_DAPM_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),

This can be used to merge to signal paths together in software.

After all the widgets have been defined, they can then be added to the DAPM
subsystem individually with a call to snd_soc_dapm_new_control().


3. Codec Widget Interconnections
================================

Widgets are connected to each other within the codec and machine by audio paths
(called interconnections). Each interconnection must be defined in order to
create a map of all audio paths between widgets.

This is easiest with a diagram of the codec (and schematic of the machine audio
system), as it requires joining widgets together via their audio signal paths.

e.g., from the WM8731 output mixer (wm8731.c)

The WM8731 output mixer has 3 inputs (sources)

 1. Line Bypass Input
 2. DAC (HiFi playback)
 3. Mic Sidetone Input

Each input in this example has a kcontrol associated with it (defined in example
above) and is connected to the output mixer via its kcontrol name. We can now
connect the destination widget (wrt audio signal) with its source widgets.

    /* output mixer */
    {"Output Mixer", "Line Bypass Switch", "Line Input"},
    {"Output Mixer", "HiFi Playback Switch", "DAC"},
    {"Output Mixer", "Mic Sidetone Switch", "Mic Bias"},

So we have :-

    Destination Widget  <=== Path Name <=== Source Widget

Or:-

    Sink, Path, Source

Or :-

    "Output Mixer" is connected to the "DAC" via the "HiFi Playback Switch".

When there is no path name connecting widgets (e.g. a direct connection) we
pass NULL for the path name.

Interconnections are created with a call to:-

snd_soc_dapm_connect_input(codec, sink, path, source);

Finally, snd_soc_dapm_new_widgets(codec) must be called after all widgets and
interconnections have been registered with the core. This causes the core to
scan the codec and machine so that the internal DAPM state matches the
physical state of the machine.


3.1 Machine Widget Interconnections
-----------------------------------
Machine widget interconnections are created in the same way as codec ones and
directly connect the codec pins to machine level widgets.

e.g. connects the speaker out codec pins to the internal speaker.

    /* ext speaker connected to codec pins LOUT2, ROUT2  */
    {"Ext Spk", NULL , "ROUT2"},
    {"Ext Spk", NULL , "LOUT2"},

This allows the DAPM to power on and off pins that are connected (and in use)
and pins that are NC respectively.


4 Endpoint Widgets
===================
An endpoint is a start or end point (widget) of an audio signal within the
machine and includes the codec. e.g.

 o Headphone Jack
 o Internal Speaker
 o Internal Mic
 o Mic Jack
 o Codec Pins

When a codec pin is NC it can be marked as not used with a call to

snd_soc_dapm_set_endpoint(codec, "Widget Name", 0);

The last argument is 0 for inactive and 1 for active. This way the pin and its
input widget will never be powered up and consume power.

This also applies to machine widgets. e.g. if a headphone is connected to a
jack then the jack can be marked active. If the headphone is removed, then
the headphone jack can be marked inactive.


5 DAPM Widget Events
====================

Some widgets can register their interest with the DAPM core in PM events.
e.g. A Speaker with an amplifier registers a widget so the amplifier can be
powered only when the spk is in use.

/* turn speaker amplifier on/off depending on use */
static int corgi_amp_event(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w, int event)
{
    gpio_set_value(CORGI_GPIO_APM_ON, SND_SOC_DAPM_EVENT_ON(event));
    return 0;
}

/* corgi machine dapm widgets */
static const struct snd_soc_dapm_widget wm8731_dapm_widgets =
    SND_SOC_DAPM_SPK("Ext Spk", corgi_amp_event);

Please see soc-dapm.h for all other widgets that support events.


5.1 Event types
---------------

The following event types are supported by event widgets.

/* dapm event types */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU    0x1     /* before widget power up */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU    0x2        /* after widget power up */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMD    0x4     /* before widget power down */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMD    0x8        /* after widget power down */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_REG    0x10    /* before audio path setup */
#define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_REG    0x20    /* after audio path setup */