Designated Initializer
合成属性
Properties don’t always have to be backed by their own instance variables.
As an example, the
XYZPerson
class might define a read-only property for a person’s full name:@property (readonly) NSString *fullName;
Rather than having to update the
fullName
property every time the first or last name changed, it would be easier just to write a custom accessor method to build the full name string on request:- (NSString *)fullName { return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName]; }
假如一个属性是另外2个属性的复合体,那么可以重写该属性的getter方法,在方法中返回2个属性的结合,就不用每次更新2个属性的时候去更新这个复合属性啦
Lazy Factory
(1)Using a factory method to get instances of a class (factory method pattern)【还不是很了解,Todo:继续查找资料】
(2)Store the instances in a map, so you get the same instance the next time you ask for an instance with same parameter (multiton pattern)【项目里搜索模块将多个viewController存在一个dictionary里,当从dictionary读不到的时候就创建一个并写入】
(3)Using lazy initialization to instantiate the object the first time it is requested (lazy initialization pattern)【按需创建】
关于Strong属性
Strong Reference Cycles
Memory for Objective-C objects is allocated dynamically (on the heap), which means you need to use pointers to keep track of an object’s address.
In Objective-C, an object is kept alive as long as it has at least one strong reference to it from another object.
如图,如果XYZPerson没有被释放,则firstName和lastName也永远不会被释放。
UITableView.h中,对delegate和dataSource的声明方式如下
@property (nonatomic, weak, nullable) id <UITableViewDataSource> dataSource; @property (nonatomic, weak, nullable) id <UITableViewDelegate> delegate;
注意到,delegate和dataSource都是weak而不是strong,为什么呢?
比如,现在我们创建一个具有UITableView的Controller,则该Controller中声明UITableView如下:
@property UITableView *tableView;
注意,@property默认是strong的,回到刚刚那个问题,如果delegate是strong会发生什么事情呢?当我们为该tableView设置delegate的时候,即
tableView.delegate = self;
此时Controller和TableView的关系如下:
这2个Object相互之间是strong关系,就是说已经产生了Strong Reference Cycle,我们知道"An object is kept alive as long as it has at least one strong reference to it from another object.",那么这2个冤家就永远你中有我,我中有你,谁也不释放谁了。死锁!
解决方法就是将其中一个关系改为weak,明显将delegate属性声明为weak是合理的,UITableView也是这样做的。dataSource属性同理。所以结论就是,任何delegate的属性都不应该为strong。
局部变量,默认是__strong
为什么默认是__strong而不是__weak呢?因为方便!所有默认值的设置就是为了方便。
NSDate *originalDate = self.lastModificationDate; self.lastModificationDate = [NSDate date]; NSLog(@"Last modification date changed from %@ to %@", originalDate, self.lastModificationDate); NSDate *__weak originalDate = self.lastModificationDate; self.lastModificationDate = [NSDate date]; NSLog(@"Last modification date changed from %@ to %@", originalDate, self.lastModificationDate);
以上2段代码的区别就是,第一段没问题,第二段,当self.lastModificationDate重新被赋值之后,它原本所指向的内存已经没有strong指针指向了,只有一个weak的originalDate指着,此时这块内存极有可能被系统释放掉。originalDate就成了悬浮指针。
所以大部分情况下还是要使用__strong的,自然默认值为__strong也就合情合理了。
多线程中的strong与weak
In situations like this, you might want to cache the weak property in a strong variable to ensure that it is kept in memory as long as you need to use it:
- (void)someMethod { NSObject *cachedObject = self.weakProperty; [cachedObject doSomething]; ... [cachedObject doSomethingElse]; }
要时刻测试weak属性是否还存在啊,如下:
if (self.someWeakProperty) { [someObject doSomethingImportantWith:self.someWeakProperty]; }
但是这就够了吗?并不是,多线程下,应该这样
NSObject *cachedObject = self.someWeakProperty; // 1 if (cachedObject) { // 2 [someObject doSomethingImportantWith:cachedObject]; // 3 } // 4 cachedObject = nil; // 5
Todo:多线程的知识还是得补补,这里不是很懂
关于Copy属性
copy属性与NSMutableString
假如当前Controller有以下属性:
@property NSString *firstName;
在某个地方
NSMutableString *nameString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"John"]; self.firstName = nameString; //此时指向了NSMutableString [nameString appendString:@"ny"];
self.firstName的值为"Johnny",一个应为NSString*的值却莫名其妙被修改了?因为它指向了一个它不该指向的地方。
解决方案如下,为firstName添加copy属性
@property (copy) NSString *firstName;
在某个地方
NSMutableString *nameString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"John"]; self.firstName = nameString; //此时self.firstName指向的是nameString的copy版本,该版本是NSSting类型,且对这个版本的String对象持strong指针 [nameString appendString:@"ny"];
self.firstName的值为"John",它与nameString指向的是两个完全不同的地方。
将传入的参数copy一份复制给成员变量
- (id)initWithSomeOriginalString:(NSString *)aString { self = [super init]; if (self) { _instanceVariableForCopyProperty = [aString copy]; } return self; }
假如不想让成员变量与传入的参数共同指向一个地方,那么只要copy一份就可以啦
Any object that you wish to set for a copy property must support NSCopying
Nothing