C++继承【转】

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 13:52:13 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 13:52:13 发布

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文章标签： c/c++

原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/Leo-Forest/archive/2013/04/04/2999048.html

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原文：http://www.cnblogs.com/couhujia/archive/2012/11/02/2750204.html

　　C++继承可以是单一继承或多重继承，每一个继承连接可以是public,protected,private也可以是virtual或non-virtual。然后是各个成员函数选项可以是virtual或non-virtual或pure virtual。本文仅仅作出一些关键点的验证。

　　public继承，例如下：

1 class base
2 ｛...｝
3 class derived:public base
4 ｛...｝

　　如果这样写，编译器会理解成类型为derived的对象同时也是类型为base的对象，但类型为base的对象不是类型为derived的对象。这点很重要。那么函数形参为base类型适用于derived，形参为derived不适用于base。下面是验证代码，一个参数为base的函数，传入derived应该成功执行，相反，一个参数为derived的函数

#include <iostream>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 class base
 {
     public:
     base()
     :baseName(""),baseData(0)
     {}
     
     base(std::string bn,int bd)
     :baseName(bn),baseData(bd)
     {}
     
     std::string getBaseName() const
     {
         return baseName;
     }
     
     int getBaseData()const
     {
         return baseData;
     }
     
     private:
         std::string baseName;
         int baseData;
 };
 
 class derived:public base
 {
     public:
         derived():base(),derivedName("")
         {}
         derived(std::string bn,int bd,std::string dn)
         :base(bn,bd),derivedName(dn)
         {}
         std::string getDerivedName() const
         {
             return derivedName;
         }
     private:
         std::string derivedName;
 };
 
 void show(std::string& info,const base& b)
 {
     info.append("Name is ");
     info.append(b.getBaseName());
     info.append(", baseData is ");
     char buffer[10];
     sprintf(buffer,"%d",b.getBaseData());
         info.append(buffer);
 }
 
 int main(int argc,char* argv[])
 {
     base b("test",10);
     std::string s;
     show(s,b);
     std::cout<<s<<std::endl;
     derived d("btest",5,"dtest");
     std::string ss;
     show(ss,d);
     std::cout<<ss<<std::endl;
     return 0;
 }

运行结果为：

base:baseName is test, baseData is 10
base:baseName is btest, baseData is 5

下面改改代码，将函数参数变为derived

void show2(std::string& info,const derived& d)
{
    info.append("Name is ");
    info.append(d.getBaseName());
    info.append(", baseData is ");
    char buffer[10];
    sprintf(buffer,"%d",d.getBaseData());
    info.append(buffer);
}

调用show(ss,d);编译器报错

1 derived_class.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
2 derived_class.cpp:84: error: invalid initialization of reference of type 'const derived&' from expression of type 'base'
3 derived_class.cpp:70: error: in passing argument 2 of `void show2(std::string&, const derived&)'

第二点对各种形式的继承作出验证，首先给出表格

继承方式\成员类型	public	protected	private
public	public	protected	无法继承
protected	protected	protected	无法继承
private	private	private	无法继承

这里解释一下，这里仅仅表达基类的成员，被public,protected,private三种方式继承后，在原基类为public,protectedc,private的成员在继承类里类型为表格里内容

class base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPublic()
         {
             return std::string("this is public base");
         }
     protected:
         std::string testProtected()
         {
             return std::string("this is protected base");
         }
     private:
         std::string testPrivate()
         {
             return std::string("this is private base");
         }
 };
 
 class derivedPublic:public base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPubPublic()
         {
             return testPublic()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testProPublic()
         {    
             return testProtected()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testPriPublic()                   
         {    
             return testPrivate()+= "in derived";
         }
 };
 
 int main(int argc,char* argv[])
 ｛
     derivedPublic dpub;
     std::cout << dpub.testPublic() << std::endl; 
 ｝

报下面错误，说明testPrivate()不是derived私有函数而是base的私有函数

derived11.cpp:16: error: `std::string base::testPrivate()' is private
derived11.cpp:36: error: within this context

这样验证private类型成员无法被继承（public,private,protected）注：private，protected略去不做证明

下面只要验证 testProtected 能被第三层继承类继承，但是无法被第三层类直接调用就说明是public继承后继承类型为protected，而基类为Public类型成员则即可被继承又可以直接调用。

#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 
 class base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPublic()
         {
             return std::string("this is public base");
         }
     protected:
         std::string testProtected()
         {
             return std::string("this is protected base");
         }
     private:
         std::string testPrivate()
         {
             return std::string("this is private base");
         }
 };
 
 class derivedPublic:public base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPubPublic()
         {
             return testPublic()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testProPublic()
         {    
             return testProtected()+= "in derived";
         }
         
 //        std::string testPriPublic()                   
 //        {    
 //            return testPrivate()+= "in derived";
 //        }
 };
 
 class deepDerived:public derivedPublic
 {
     public:
         std::string deepProtected()
         {
             return testProtected() +="in deep";
         }
         
         std::string deepPublic()
         {
             return testPublic() +="indeep";
         }
 };
 
 int main(int argc,char* argv[])
 {
     derivedPublic dpub;
     std::cout << dpub.testProtected() << std::endl; 
     deepDerived deepdpub;
     std::cout<<deepdpub.testPublic() <<std::endl;
     std::cout<<deepdpub.testProtected() <<std::endl;
     std::cout<<deepdpub.deepProtected() <<std::endl;
     std::cout<<deepdpub.deepPublic() <<std::endl;
 }

这里服务器报错

derived12.cpp:13: error: `std::string base::testProtected()' is protected
derived12.cpp:62: error: within this context

这样就验证了一个是public，一个是protected，protected是不能直接调用的，但是被继承后是可以被public成员调用的。

下面的已经证明，详细步骤就略去如果对该部分验证感兴趣，可以看下面代码。

View Code 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 class base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPublic()
         {
             return std::string("this is public base");
         }
     protected:
         std::string testProtected()
         {
             return std::string("this is protected base");
         }
     private:
         std::string testPrivate()
         {
             return std::string("this is private base");
         }
 };
 
 class derivedPublic:public base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPubPublic()
         {
             return testPublic()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testProPublic()
         {    
             return testProtected()+= "in derived";
         }
         
 //        std::string testPriPublic()                   //私有成员并没有被继承下来
 //        {    
 //            return testPrivate()+= "in derived";
 //        }
 };
 
 class deepDerived:public derivedPublic
 {
     public:
         std::string test()
         {
             return testPublic() +="in 3";
         }
 };
 
 class derivedProtected:protected base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPubProtected()
         {
             return testPublic()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testProProtected()
         {    
             return testProtected()+= "in derived";
         }
 };
 
 class deepDerived2:public derivedProtected
 {
     public:
         std::string test()
         {
             return testPublic() +="in 3";
         }
 };
 
 class derivedPrivate:private base
 {
     public:
         std::string testPubPirvate()
         {
             return testPublic()+= "in derived";
         }
         
         std::string testProPrivate()
         {    
             return testProtected()+= "in derived";
         }
         
 };
 
 //class deepDerived3:public derivedPrivate
 //{
 //    public:
 //        std::string test()
 //        {
 //            return testPublic() +="in 3";
 //        }
 //};
 
 int main(int argc,char* argv[])
 {
     derivedPublic dpub;
     //derivedProtected dpro;
     //derivedPrivate dpri;
     std::cout<<dpub.testPublic()<<std::endl;       //
     //std::cout<<dpub.testProtected()<<std::endl;    //用户被继承也是无法使用
     //cout<<dpub.testPrivate()<<std::endl;         //基类都是私有函数
     std::cout<<dpub.testPubPublic()<<std::endl;
     std::cout<<dpub.testProPublic()<<std::endl;
     //std::cout<<dpub.testPriPrivate()<<std::endl; //没有被继承
     
     deepDerived dd;
     std::cout<<dd.test()<<std::endl;
         
     derivedProtected dpro;
     //std::cout<<dpro.testPublic()<<std::endl;        //变成protected类型
     std::cout<<dpro.testPubProtected()<<std::endl;
     std::cout<<dpro.testProProtected()<<std::endl;
         
     deepDerived2 dd2;
     std::cout<<dd2.test()<<std::endl;
         
     derivedPrivate dpri;
     std::cout<<dpri.testPubPirvate()<<std::endl;
     std::cout<<dpri.testProPrivate()<<std::endl;
     
 //    deepDerived3 dd3;
 //    std::cout<<dd3.test()<<std::endl;
 ｝