python小白-day11 sqlalchemy

SqlAlchemy ORM　

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL - Python

     mysql + mysqldb: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>

  

pymysql

     mysql + pymysql: / / <username>:<password>@<host> / <dbname>[?<options>]

  

MySQL - Connector

     mysql + mysqlconnector: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>

  

cx_Oracle

     oracle + cx_oracle: / / user: pass @host:port / dbname[?key = value&key = value...]

  

更多详见：http: / / docs.sqlalchemy.org / en / latest / dialects / index.html

步骤一：

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-     from  sqlalchemy  import  create_engine         engine  =  create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test" , max_overflow = 5 )     engine.execute(      "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES ('2', 'v1')" )     engine.execute(       "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%s, %s)" ,      (( 555 ,  "v1" ),( 666 ,  "v1" ),) ) engine.execute(      "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%(id)s, %(name)s)" ,      id = 999 , name = "v1" )     result  =  engine.execute( 'select * from ts_test' ) result.fetchall()

步骤二：

使用 Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作。Engine使用Schema Type创建一个特定的结构对象，之后通过SQL Expression Language将该对象转换成SQL语句，然后通过 ConnectionPooling 连接数据库，再然后通过 Dialect 执行SQL，并获取结果。

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#!/usr/bin/env python from  sqlalchemy  import  create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey   metadata  =  MetaData()   user  =  Table( 'user' , metadata,      Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),      Column( 'name' , String( 20 )), )   color  =  Table( 'color' , metadata,      Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),      Column( 'name' , String( 20 )), ) engine  =  create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@localhost:3306/test" , max_overflow = 5 )   metadata.create_all(engine)

添加（在上述代码后面添加）：

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conn = engine.connect()   # 创建SQL语句，INSERT INTO "user" (id, name) VALUES (:id, :name) conn.execute(user.insert(),{ 'id' : 7 , 'name' : 'seven' }) conn.close()

删除（同上）：

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#sql = user.insert().values(id=123, name='hetan') #conn.execute(sql) sql = user.delete().where(user.c. id > 1 ) conn.execute(sql)

修改（同上）：

1 2	sql = user.update().where(user.c.name = = 'hetan' ).values(name = 'ed' ) conn.execute(sql)

查询（同上）：

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sql = select([user,]) result = conn.execute(sql)   print (result.fetchall())

查询语句还有如下：

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# sql = select([user.c.id, ]) # sql = select([user.c.name, color.c.name]).where(user.c.id==color.c.id) # sql = select([user.c.name]).order_by(user.c.name) # sql = select([user]).group_by(user.c.name)

一个完整的例子：

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#!/usr/bin/env python from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column ,Integer ,String from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine Base = declarative_base() engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test" ,echo = True )     class Host(Base):      __tablename__ = 'hosts'        id = Column(Integer,primary_key = True ,autoincrement = True )      hostname = Column(String( 64 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )      ip_addr = Column(String( 128 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )      port = Column(Integer,default = 22 )   Base.metadata.create_all(engine) if __name__ = = '__main__' :      SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind = engine)        session = SessionCls()        h1 = Host(hostname = 'localhost' ,ip_addr = '127.0.0.1' )      h2 = Host(hostname = 'unbuntu' ,ip_addr = '192.168.1.1' )        session.add_all([h1,h2])        session.commit()

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h3 = Host(hostname = 'ubuntu2' ,ip_addr = '192.168.2.244' ,port = 20000 )      h3.hostname = 'ubuntu_test'  #只要没提交,此时修改也没问题      session.rollback()      session.add(h3)      session.commit()

注：SQLAlchemy无法修改表结构，如果需要可以使用SQLAlchemy开发者开源的另外一个软件Alembic来完成。

步骤三：

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

创建表：

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-   from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine   engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test" , max_overflow = 5 )   Base = declarative_base()     class User(Base):      __tablename__ = 'users'      id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )      name = Column(String( 50 ))   # 寻找Base的所有子类，按照子类的结构在数据库中生成对应的数据表信息 Base.metadata.create_all(engine)   Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine) session = Session()

添加：

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u = User( id = 2 , name = 'sb' ) session.add(u) session.add_all([      User( id = 3 , name = 'sb' ),      User( id = 4 , name = 'sb' ) ]) session.commit()

删除：

1 2	session.query(User). filter (User. id > 2 ).delete() session.commit()

修改:

1. res = session.query(User).filter(User.id == 2)
2. res.id = 3
3. print(res.id)
4. session.commit()

查询：

1. ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').first()
2. print(ret.id)
3. ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').all()
4. print(ret)
5. session.commit()

还有以下查询方法：

1. # ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(['sb','bb'])).all()
2. # print ret
4. # ret = session.query(User.name.label('name_label')).all()
5. # print ret,type(ret)
7. # ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id).all()
8. # print ret
10. # ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id)[1:3]
11. # print ret

外键关联

1、单向关联：

1. #!/usr/bin/env python
2. # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
3. from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
4. from sqlalchemy import Column ,Integer ,String,ForeignKey,Table
5. from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
6. from sqlalchemy import create_engine
7. Base = declarative_base()
8. engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@localhost:3306/test",echo=True)
9. class Host(Base):
10. __tablename__= 'hosts'
12. id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
13. group_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('group.id'))
14. hostname = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False)
15. ip_addr = Column(String(128),unique=True,nullable=False)
16. port = Column(Integer,default=22)
17. groups = relationship('Group',
18. backref='host')
19. def __repr__(self):
20. return '<id=%s hostname=%s ip_addr=%s>' %(self.id,self.hostname,self.ip_addr)
21. class Group(Base):
23. __tablename__ = 'group'
24. id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
25. name = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=True)
26. def __repr__(self):
27. return '<id=%s name=%s>' %(self.id,self.name)
29. Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
30. SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
32. session = SessionCls()
33. g1 = Group(name = 'g1')
34. g2 = Group(name = 'g2')
35. g3 = Group(name = 'g3')
36. g4 = Group(name = 'g4')
37. session.add_all([g1,g2,g3,g4])
38. h1 = Host(hostname='hetan',ip_addr='127.0.0.1')
39. h2 = Host(hostname='liuyao',ip_addr='10.0.0.1')
40. session.add_all([h1,h2])
41. session.commit()

很明显没关联上，这时可以更新一下，也可以在创建时就关联：

1. g4 = session.query(Group).filter(Group.name=='g4').first()
2. h1 = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=='hetan').update({'group_id':g4.id})
3. session.commit()

关联成功

2、双向关联：

1. #!/usr/bin/env python
2. from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
3. from sqlalchemy import Column ,Integer ,String,ForeignKey,Table
4. from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
5. from sqlalchemy import create_engine
6. Base = declarative_base()
7. engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@localhost:3306/test",echo=True)
8. host_to_group = Table(
9. 'host_2_group',Base.metadata,
10. Column('host_id',ForeignKey('hosts.id'),primary_key=True),
11. Column('group_id',ForeignKey('group.id'),primary_key=True)
12. )
13. class Host(Base):
14. __tablename__= 'hosts'
16. id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
17. hostname = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False)
18. ip_addr = Column(String(128),unique=True,nullable=False)
19. port = Column(Integer,default=22)
20. groups = relationship('Group',
21. secondary=host_to_group,
22. backref='host')
23. def __repr__(self):
24. return '<id=%s hostname=%s ip_addr=%s>' %(self.id,self.hostname,self.ip_addr)
25. class Group(Base):
27. __tablename__ = 'group'
28. id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
29. name = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=True)
30. def __repr__(self):
31. return '<id=%s name=%s>' %(self.id,self.name)
33. Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
34. SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
36. session = SessionCls()
38. g1 = Group(name = 'g1')
39. g2 = Group(name = 'g2')
40. g3 = Group(name = 'g3')
41. g4 = Group(name = 'g4')
42. session.add_all([g1,g2,g3,g4])
43. h1 = Host(hostname='hetan',ip_addr='127.0.0.1')
44. h2 = Host(hostname='liuyao',ip_addr='10.0.0.1')
45. session.add_all([h1,h2])
46. groups = session.query(Group).all()
47. hosts = session.query(Host).all()
48. print(hosts,groups)
49. h1.groups = groups[1:-1] #关联
50. g1.host = hosts #关联
51. session.commit()

重中之重：

关联结果：

查询：

1. g1 = session.query(Group).first()
2. h1 = session.query(Host).first()
3. print('--->',g1.host)
4. print('--->',h1.groups)
6. session.commit()

成功

来自为知笔记(Wiz)

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/hetan/p/5331127.html