3)使用说明:条件是操作的MySQL上需要的binlog模式是ROW。如果在一个从上测试也必须是ROW模式,还要开启log_slave_updates。根据上面的参数说明按照需求进行调整。
环境:主库:192.168.163.131;从库:192.168.163.130
① 检查有没有外键和触发器。
② 检查表的主键信息。
③ 检查是否主库或从库,是否开启log_slave_updates,以及binlog信息
④ 检查gho和del结尾的临时表是否存在
⑤ 创建ghc结尾的表,存数据迁移的信息,以及binlog信息等---以上校验阶段
⑥ 初始化stream的连接,添加binlog的监听---以下迁移阶段
⑥ 创建gho结尾的临时表,执行DDL在gho结尾的临时表上
⑦ 开启事务,按照主键id把源表数据写入到gho结尾的表上,再提交,以及binlog apply。---以下cut-over阶段
⑧ lock源表,rename 表:rename 源表 to 源_del表,gho表 to 源表。
⑨ 清理ghc表。
1. 单实例上DDL: 单个实例相当于主库,需要开启--allow-on-master参数和ROW模式。
gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.131 --database="test" --table="t1" --alter="ADD COLUMN cc2 varchar(10),add column cc3 int not null default 0 comment 'test'" --allow-on-master --execute
2. 主从上DDL:
有2个选择,一是按照1直接在主上执行同步到从上,另一个连接到从库,在主库做迁移(只要保证从库的binlog为ROW即可,主库不需要保证):
gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.130 --database="test" --table="t" --initially-drop-old-table --alter="ADD COLUMN y1 varchar(10),add column y2 int not null default 0 comment 'test'" --execute
此时的操作大致是:
行数据在主库上读写
读取从库的二进制日志,将变更应用到主库
在从库收集表格式,字段&索引,行数等信息
在从库上读取内部的变更事件(如心跳事件)
在主库切换表
在执行DDL中,从库会执行一次stop/start slave,要是确定从的binlog是ROW的话可以添加参数:--assume-rbr。如果从库的binlog不是ROW,可以用参数--switch-to-rbr来转换成ROW,此时需要注意的是执行完毕之后,binlog模式不会被转换成原来的值。--assume-rbr和--switch-to-rbr参数不能一起使用。
3. 在从上进行DDL测试:
gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.130 --database="test" --table="t" --alter="ADD COLUMN abc1 varchar(10),add column abc2 int not null default 0 comment 'test'" --test-on-replica --switch-to-rbr --execute
参数--test-on-replica:在从库上测试gh-ost,包括在从库上数据迁移(migration),数据迁移完成后stop slave,原表和ghost表立刻交换而后立刻交换回来。继续保持stop slave,使你可以对比两张表。如果不想stop slave,则可以再添加参数:--test-on-replica-skip-replica-stop
上面三种是gh-ost操作模式,上面的操作中,到最后不会清理临时表,需要手动清理,再下次执行之前果然临时表还存在,则会执行失败,可以通过参数进行删除:
--initially-drop-ghost-table:gh-ost操作之前,检查并删除已经存在的ghost表。该参数不建议使用,请手动处理原来存在的ghost表。默认不启用该参数,gh-ost直接退出操作。--initially-drop-old-table:gh-ost操作之前,检查并删除已经存在的旧表。该参数不建议使用,请手动处理原来存在的ghost表。默认不启用该参数,gh-ost直接退出操作。--initially-drop-socket-file:gh-ost强制删除已经存在的socket文件。该参数不建议使用,可能会删除一个正在运行的gh-ost程序,导致DDL失败。--ok-to-drop-table:gh-ost操作结束后,删除旧表,默认状态是不删除旧表,会存在_tablename_del表。
还有其他的一些参数,比如:--exact-rowcount、--max-lag-millis、--max-load等等,可以看上面的说明,具体大部分常用的参数命令如下:
gh-osc --user= --password= --host= --database= --table= --max-load=Threads_running=30, --chunk-size=1000 --serve-socket-file=/tmp/gh-ost.test.sock --exact-rowcount --allow-on-master/--test-on-replica --initially-drop-ghost-table/--initially-drop-old-table/--initially-drop-socket-file --max-lag-millis= --max-load='Threads_running=100,Threads_connected=500' --ok-to-drop-table
4)额外说明:终止、暂停、限速
gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.131 --database="test" --table="t1" --alter="ADD COLUMN o2 varchar(10),add column o1 int not null default 0 comment 'test'" --exact-rowcount --serve-socket-file=/tmp/gh-ost.t1.sock --panic-flag-file=/tmp/gh-ost.panic.t1.flag --postpone-cut-over-flag-file=/tmp/ghost.postpone.t1.flag --allow-on-master --execute
① 标示文件终止运行:--panic-flag-file
创建文件终止运行,例子中创建/tmp/gh-ost.panic.t1.flag文件,终止正在运行的gh-ost,临时文件清理需要手动进行。
② 表示文件禁止cut-over进行,即禁止表名切换,数据复制正常进行。--postpone-cut-over-flag-file
创建文件延迟cut-over进行,即推迟切换操作。例子中创建/tmp/ghost.postpone.t1.flag文件,gh-ost 会完成行复制,但并不会切换表,它会持续的将原表的数据更新操作同步到临时表中。
③ 使用socket监听请求,操作者可以在命令运行后更改相应的参数。--serve-socket-file,--serve-tcp-port(默认关闭)
创建socket文件进行监听,通过接口进行参数调整,当执行操作的过程中发现负载、延迟上升了,不得不终止操作,重新配置参数,如 chunk-size,然后重新执行操作命令,可以通过scoket接口进行动态调整。如:
暂停操作:
#暂停
echo throttle | socat - /tmp/gh-ost.test.t1.sock#恢复
echo no-throttle | socat - /tmp/gh-ost.test.t1.sock
修改限速参数:
echo chunk-size=100 | socat - /tmp/gh-ost.t1.sock
echo max-lag-millis=200 | socat - /tmp/gh-ost.t1.sock
echo max-load=Thread_running=3 | socat - /tmp/gh-ost.t1.sock
1. 表没有写入并且参数为默认的情况下,二者DDL操作时间差不多,毕竟都是copy row操作。
2. 表有大量写入(sysbench)的情况下,因为pt-osc是多线程处理的,很快就能执行完成,而gh-ost是模拟“从”单线程应用的,极端的情况下,DDL操作非常困难的执行完毕。
结论:虽然gh-ost不需要触发器,对于主库的压力和性能影响也小很多,但是针对高并发的场景进行DDL效率还是比pt-osc低,所以还是需要在业务低峰的时候处理。相关的测试可以看gh-ost和pt-osc性能对比。
5)封装脚本:
环境:M:192.168.163.131(ROW),S:192.168.163.130/132
封装脚本:gh-ost.py
#!/bin/env python#-*- encoding: utf-8 -*-#----------------------------------------------#Purpose: gh-ost#Created: 2018-06-16#----------------------------------------------
importMySQLdbimportreimportsysimporttimeimportsubprocessimportosfrom optparse importOptionParserdefcalc_time(func):def _deco(*args, **kwargs):
begin_time=time.time()
func(*args, **kwargs)
cost_time= time.time() -begin_timeprint 'cost time: %ss' % round(cost_time,2)return_decodefget_table_count(conn,dbname,tbname):
query= '''SELECT count(*) FROM %s.%s''' %(dbname,tbname)
cursor=conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(query)
row_nums=cursor.fetchone()
cursor.close()
conn.close()returnrow_numsdefonline_ddl(conn,ddl_cmd):
cursor=conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(ddl_cmd)
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()#@calc_time
defrun_cmd(cmd):
p= subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True)returnp,p.piddefdrop_ghost_table(conn,ghost_name_list):try:
cursor=conn.cursor()
query= '''DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s;''' %(ghost_name_list)
cursor.execute(query)
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()exceptException,e:printeif __name__ == "__main__":
parser=OptionParser()
parser.add_option("-P", "--Port", help="Port for search", dest="port")
parser.add_option("-D", "--Dbname", help="the Dbname to use", dest="dbname")
parser.add_option("-T", "--Table", help="the Table to use", dest="tablename")
(options, args)=parser.parse_args()if notoptions.port:print 'params port need to apply'exit()if notoptions.dbname:print 'params dbname need to apply'exit()if notoptions.tablename:print 'params tablename need to apply'exit()
gh_ost_socket= '/tmp/gh-ost.%s.%s.sock' %(options.dbname,options.tablename)#终止标志
panic_flag = '/tmp/gh-ost.panic.%s.%s.flag' %(options.dbname,options.tablename)#postpone_flag = '/tmp/gh-ost.postpone.%s.%s.flag' %(options.dbname,options.tablename)
#暂停标志
throttle_flag = '/tmp/gh-ost.throttle.%s.%s' %(options.dbname,options.tablename)#socket = '/data/%s/tmp/mysql.sock' %(options.port)
socket = '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock'get_conn= MySQLdb.connect(host='192.168.163.131', port=int(options.port), user='root', passwd='root', db=options.dbname, unix_socket=socket,charset='utf8')
conn= MySQLdb.connect(host='192.168.163.131', port=int(options.port), user='root', passwd='root', db=options.dbname, unix_socket=socket,charset='utf8')
(table_count,)=get_table_count(get_conn,options.dbname,options.tablename)print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "表的数量:%s" %table_count)
DDL_CMD= raw_input('Enter DDL CMD :').replace('`','')
gh_command_list= re.split('[ ]+',DDL_CMD)if gh_command_list[0].upper() == 'CHANGE' and gh_command_list[1] != gh_command_list[2]:print ("\033[0;31m%s\033[0m" % "renamed columns' data will be lost,pt-osc exit...")
exit()if table_count <= 10000:
ddl= '''ALTER TABLE %s %s''' %(options.tablename,DDL_CMD)print ("\033[0;36m%s\033[0m" %ddl)print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "online ddl ...")
online_ddl(conn,ddl)print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "执行完成 ...")
exit()else:
MAX_LOAD= raw_input('Enter Max Threads_running【25】 :')if notMAX_LOAD:
Threads_running= 25
else:try:
Threads_running=int(MAX_LOAD)exceptValueError:print ("\033[0;31m%s\033[0m" % "输入类型错误,退出...")
exit()
CHUNK_SIZE= raw_input('Enter Max chunk-size【1000】 :')if notCHUNK_SIZE:
chunk_size= 1000
else:try:
chunk_size=int(CHUNK_SIZE)exceptValueError:print ("\033[0;31m%s\033[0m" % "输入类型错误,退出...")
exit()print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "gh-ost ddl ...")#--postpone-cut-over-flag-file=%s
gh_command = '''/usr/bin/gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.131 --port=%s --database="%s" --table="%s" --allow-on-master --max-load='Threads_running=%d' --chunk-size=%d --serve-socket-file=%s --panic-flag-file=%s --throttle-additional-flag-file=%s --alter="%s" --execute''' %(options.port,options.dbname,options.tablename,Threads_running,chunk_size,gh_ost_socket,panic_flag,throttle_flag,DDL_CMD)print ("\033[0;36m%s\033[0m" %gh_command)
child,pid=run_cmd(gh_command)print ("\033[0;31mgh-ost's PID:%s\033[0m" %pid)print ("\033[0;33m创建:【touch %s】文件,暂停DDL ...\033[0m" %throttle_flag)try:
child.wait()except:
child.terminate()#clean
ghost_name_list = '_%s_ghc,_%s_gho' %(options.tablename,options.tablename)
drop_ghost_table(conn,ghost_name_list)ifos.path.exists(gh_ost_socket):
os.system('rm -r %s' %gh_ost_socket)print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "清理完成 ...")
exit()print ("\033[0;32m%s\033[0m" % "清理完成 ...")
exit()finally:pass
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运行:
root@test2:~#python gh-ost.py -P3306 -Dtest -Tzjy
表的数量:1310720Enter DDL CMD : ADD COLUMN q1 varchar(10),ADD COLUMN q2 varchar(10)
Enter Max Threads_running【25】 : 10Enter Max chunk-size【1000】 : 200gh-ost ddl .../usr/bin/gh-ost --user="root" --password="root" --host=192.168.163.131 --port=3306 --database="test" --table="zjy" --allow-on-master --max-load='Threads_running=10' --chunk-size=200 --serve-socket-file=/tmp/gh-ost.test.zjy.sock --panic-flag-file=/tmp/gh-ost.panic.test.zjy.flag --throttle-additional-flag-file=/tmp/gh-ost.throttle.test.zjy --alter="ADD COLUMN q1 varchar(10),ADD COLUMN q2 varchar(10)" --execute
gh-ost's PID:2105
创建:【touch /tmp/gh-ost.throttle.test.zjy】文件,暂停DDL ...2018/06/17 14:37:37 binlogsyncer.go:79: [info] create BinlogSyncer with config {99999 mysql 192.168.163.131 3306 root false false }2018/06/17 14:37:37 binlogsyncer.go:246: [info] begin to sync binlog from position (mysql-bin.000013, 31197930)2018/06/17 14:37:37 binlogsyncer.go:139: [info] register slave for master server 192.168.163.131:3306
2018/06/17 14:37:37 binlogsyncer.go:573: [info] rotate to (mysql-bin.000013, 31197930)#Migrating `test`.`zjy`; Ghost table is `test`.`_zjy_gho`#Migrating test2:3306; inspecting test2:3306; executing on test2#Migration started at Sun Jun 17 14:37:37 +0800 2018#chunk-size: 200; max-lag-millis: 1500ms; dml-batch-size: 10; max-load: Threads_running=10; critical-load: ; nice-ratio: 0.000000#throttle-additional-flag-file: /tmp/gh-ost.throttle.test.zjy#panic-flag-file: /tmp/gh-ost.panic.test.zjy.flag#Serving on unix socket: /tmp/gh-ost.test.zjy.sock
Copy: 0/1305600 0.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 0s(total), 0s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:31199542; State: migrating; ETA: N/A
Copy: 0/1305600 0.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 1s(total), 1s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:31202866; State: migrating; ETA: N/A
Copy:44400/1305600 3.4%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 2s(total), 2s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:33352548; State: migrating; ETA: 56s
Copy:91200/1305600 7.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 3s(total), 3s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:35598132; State: migrating; ETA: 39s
Copy:135200/1305600 10.4%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 4s(total), 4s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:37727925; State: migrating; ETA: 34s
Copy:174000/1305600 13.3%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 5s(total), 5s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:39588956; State: migrating; ETA: 32s
Copy:212200/1305600 16.3%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 6s(total), 6s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:41430090; State: migrating; ETA: 30s
Copy:254800/1305600 19.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 7s(total), 7s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:43483555; State: migrating; ETA: 28s
Copy:303600/1305600 23.3%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 8s(total), 8s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:45834978; State: migrating; ETA: 26s
Copy:351200/1305600 26.9%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 9s(total), 9s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:48128675; State: migrating; ETA: 24s
Copy:401400/1305600 30.7%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 10s(total), 10s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:50547454; State: migrating; ETA: 22s
Copy:451200/1305600 34.6%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 11s(total), 11s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:52946991; State: migrating; ETA: 20s
Copy:490000/1305600 37.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 12s(total), 12s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:54817320; State: migrating; ETA: 19s
Copy:529600/1305600 40.6%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 13s(total), 13s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:56735431; State: migrating; ETA: 19s
Copy:589200/1305600 45.1%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 14s(total), 14s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:59606450; State: migrating; ETA: 17s
Copy:639400/1305600 49.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 15s(total), 15s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:62025561; State: migrating; ETA: 15s
Copy:695200/1305600 53.2%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 16s(total), 16s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:64704138; State: migrating; ETA: 14s
Copy:751200/1305600 57.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 17s(total), 17s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:67401961; State: migrating; ETA: 12s
Copy:803800/1305600 61.6%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 18s(total), 18s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:69935884; State: migrating; ETA: 11s
Copy:856400/1305600 65.6%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 19s(total), 19s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:72470455; State: migrating; ETA: 9s
Copy:907400/1305600 69.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 20s(total), 20s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:74927401; State: migrating; ETA: 8s
Copy:958800/1305600 73.4%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 21s(total), 21s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:77404243; State: migrating; ETA: 7s
Copy:999200/1305600 76.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 22s(total), 22s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:79351223; State: migrating; ETA: 6s
Copy:1009600/1305600 77.3%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 23s(total), 23s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:79855229; State: migrating; ETA: 6s
Copy:1059600/1305600 81.2%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 24s(total), 24s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:82264712; State: migrating; ETA: 5s
Copy:1107200/1305600 84.8%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 25s(total), 25s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:84558411; State: migrating; ETA: 4s
Copy:1147000/1305600 87.9%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 26s(total), 26s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:86486148; State: migrating; ETA: 3s
Copy:1198000/1305600 91.8%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 27s(total), 27s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:88943747; State: migrating; ETA: 2s
Copy:1245400/1305600 95.4%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 28s(total), 28s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:91218202; State: migrating; ETA: 1s
Copy:1286600/1305600 98.5%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 29s(total), 29s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:93203991; State: migrating; ETA: 0s
Copy:1310720/1310720 100.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 29s(total), 29s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:94366846; State: migrating; ETA: due
Copy:1310720/1310720 100.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 1/1000; Time: 30s(total), 29s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:94369042; State: migrating; ETA: due#Migrating `test`.`zjy`; Ghost table is `test`.`_zjy_gho`#Migrating test2:3306; inspecting test2:3306; executing on test2#Migration started at Sun Jun 17 14:37:37 +0800 2018#chunk-size: 200; max-lag-millis: 1500ms; dml-batch-size: 10; max-load: Threads_running=10; critical-load: ; nice-ratio: 0.000000#throttle-additional-flag-file: /tmp/gh-ost.throttle.test.zjy#panic-flag-file: /tmp/gh-ost.panic.test.zjy.flag#Serving on unix socket: /tmp/gh-ost.test.zjy.sock
Copy: 1310720/1310720 100.0%; Applied: 0; Backlog: 0/1000; Time: 30s(total), 29s(copy); streamer: mysql-bin.000013:94371928; State: migrating; ETA: due2018/06/17 14:38:08 binlogsyncer.go:107: [info] syncer isclosing...2018/06/17 14:38:08 binlogstreamer.go:47: [error] close sync with err: sync isbeen closing... (这里的error不影响使用,重复关闭了sync,等作者修复)2018/06/17 14:38:08 binlogsyncer.go:122: [info] syncer isclosed#Done
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总结:
gh-ost 放弃了触发器,使用 binlog 来同步。gh-ost 作为一个伪装的备库,可以从主库/备库上拉取 binlog,过滤之后重新应用到主库上去,相当于主库上的增量操作通过 binlog 又应用回主库本身,不过是应用在幽灵表上。
gh-ost 首先连接到主库上,根据 alter 语句创建幽灵表,然后作为一个”备库“连接到其中一个真正的备库上,一边在主库上拷贝已有的数据到幽灵表,一边从备库上拉取增量数据的 binlog,然后不断的把 binlog 应用回主库。图中 cut-over 是最后一步,锁住主库的源表,等待 binlog 应用完毕,然后替换 gh-ost 表为源表。gh-ost 在执行中,会在原本的 binlog event 里面增加以下 hint 和心跳包,用来控制整个流程的进度,检测状态等。这种架构带来诸多好处,例如:
整个流程异步执行,对于源表的增量数据操作没有额外的开销,高峰期变更业务对性能影响小。
降低写压力,触发器操作都在一个事务内,gh-ost 应用 binlog 是另外一个连接在做。
可停止,binlog 有位点记录,如果变更过程发现主库性能受影响,可以立刻停止拉binlog,停止应用 binlog,稳定之后继续应用。
可测试,gh-ost 提供了测试功能,可以连接到一个备库上直接做 Online DDL,在备库上观察变更结果是否正确,再对主库操作,心里更有底。
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