第八单元： 计算机网络
Unit 8 Computer Network
课文A： 网络基本原理
Section A Network Fundamentals
The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine.在不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需要，导致了相互连接的计算机系统的产生。这种相互连接的计算机系统被称为网络。在网络中，计算机连接在一起，从而数据可以从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机。
In these networks, computer users can exchange messages and share resources - such as printing capabilities, software packages, and data storage facilities - that are scattered throughout the system.
在网络中，计算机用户可以交换信息，并共享分散在整个网络系统的资源，如打印能力、软件包以及数据存储设备。
The underlying software required to support such applications has grown from simple utility packages into an expanding system of network software that provides a sophisticated network wide infrastructure.支持这类应用所需的基本软件，已经从简单的实用软件包发展成一个不断扩展的网络软件系统，该系统提供了一个复杂的网络范围的基础结构。
In a sense, network software is evolving into a network wide operating system.从某种意义上说，网络软件正在演变成一个网络范围的操作系统。
一、网络分类
Network Classifications
A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN).计算机网络常常划分为局域网、城域网和广域网。
A LAN normally consists of a collection of computers in a single building or building complex.局域网通常由一幢建筑物或一个建筑群中的若干计算机组成。
For example, the computers on a university campus or those in a manufacturing plant might be connected by a LAN.例如，大学校园里的计算机或制造工厂中的计算机可以用局域网连接。
A MAN is a network of intermediate size, such as one spanning a local community.城域网属于中型网络，如一个覆盖某一社区的网络。
A WAN links machines over a greater distance- perhaps in neighboring cities or on opposite sides of the world.广域网连接地理范围更广的计算机，这些计算机或许在相邻的城市，或许在地球相反的两面。
Another means of classifying networks is based on whether the network’s internal operation is based on designs that are in the public domain or on innovations owned and controlled by a particular entity such as an individual or a corporation.网络分类
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