1. 概述
从Java 7开始,Java支持使用带有资源的try(Try with Resources),允许我们声明要在try块中使用的资源,并保证在该块执行后关闭该资源。
声明的资源必须实现AutoCloseable接口。
2. 使用try-with-resources
简单地说,要自动关闭资源,必须在try中声明和初始化资源,如下所示:
try (PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new File("test.txt"))) {
writer.println("Hello World");
}
3. 用try-with-resources替换try-catch-finally
使用新的try-with-resources功能的简单而明显的方法是用它来替换传统而冗长try-catch-finally块。
让我们比较以下代码示例–首先是典型的try-catch-finally块,然后是使用等效try-with-resources块的新方法:
Scanner scanner = null;
try {
scanner = new Scanner(new File("test.txt"));
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(scanner.nextLine());
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (scanner != null) {
scanner.close();
}
}
下面是使用try-with-resources的超级简洁解决方案:
try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("test.txt"))) {
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(scanner.nextLine());
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException fnfe) {
fnfe.printStackTrace();
}
在这里您可以进一步探索Scanner类。
4. 用try-with-resources声明多个资源
多个资源可以在try-with-resources块中声明,用分号将它们分开:
try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("testRead.txt"));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new File("testWrite.txt"))) {
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
writer.print(scanner.nextLine());
}
}
5. 自定义一个可以自动关闭的资源类
要构造一个能被try-with-resources块正确处理的自定义资源,类应该实现Closeable或AutoCloseable接口,并重写close方法:
public class MyResource implements AutoCloseable {
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Closed MyResource");
}
}
6. 资源关闭顺序
首先被定义或获取的资源将最后关闭;让我们看一个示例:
资源1:
public class AutoCloseableResourcesFirst implements AutoCloseable {
public AutoCloseableResourcesFirst() {
System.out.println("Constructor -> AutoCloseableResources_First");
}
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("Something -> AutoCloseableResources_First");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Closed AutoCloseableResources_First");
}
}
资源2:
public class AutoCloseableResourcesSecond implements AutoCloseable {
public AutoCloseableResourcesSecond() {
System.out.println("Constructor -> AutoCloseableResources_Second");
}
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("Something -> AutoCloseableResources_Second");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Closed AutoCloseableResources_Second");
}
}
运行代码:
private void orderOfClosingResources() throws Exception {
try (AutoCloseableResourcesFirst af = new AutoCloseableResourcesFirst();
AutoCloseableResourcesSecond as = new AutoCloseableResourcesSecond()) {
af.doSomething();
as.doSomething();
}
}
输出:
Constructor -> AutoCloseableResources_First
Constructor -> AutoCloseableResources_Second
Something -> AutoCloseableResources_First
Something -> AutoCloseableResources_Second
Closed AutoCloseableResources_Second
Closed AutoCloseableResources_First
7. catch & finally
一个try-with-resources块仍然可以有catch和finally块,这与传统try块的工作方式相同。
8. Java 9: 有效最终变量(Effectively Final Variables)
在Java 9之前,我们只能在try-with-resources块中使用新变量:
try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("testRead.txt"));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new File("testWrite.txt"))) {
// omitted}
如上所示,当声明多个资源时,这尤其冗长。作为Java 9和JEP 213的一部分,我们现在可以在try-with-resources块中使用final变量和有效最终变量(Effectively Final Variables):
final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("testRead.txt"));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new File("testWrite.txt"))
try (scanner;writer) {
// omitted}
简单地说,如果变量在第一次赋值之后没有改变,那么它实际上就是final(有效最终变量),即使它没有显式地标记为final。
如上所示,scanner变量显式声明为final,因此我们可以将其与try-with-resources块一起使用。尽管writer变量不是显式final,但在第一次赋值之后它没有改变。因此,我们也可以使用writer变量。
9. 总结
在这篇文章中,我们探讨了如何使用try-with-resources,如何用try-with-resources来替换try,catch和finally,如何构建一个实现AutoCloseable的自定义资源类以及资源被关闭的顺序。
所有例子的完整源代码在这个Github项目中。
References:Java - Try with Resources | Baeldungwww.baeldung.com