linux sed 运算,Linux sed reference

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最新推荐文章于 2022-06-09 10:08:12 发布

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文章标签： linux sed 运算

sed(C)

sed -- invoke the stream editor

Syntax

sed [ -n ] [ script ] [ -f

sfile ] [ file ... ]

sed [ -n ] [ -e script ] ... [ -f

sfile ] ... [ file ... ]

Description

The sed command copies the named files

(standard input default) to the standard output, edited according to a script of

commands.

sed takes the following options:

-e scriptRead the command script; usually quoted to protect it from the

shell.-f sfileTake the script from the file sfile; these options accumulate. If

there is just one -e option and no -f options, the flag

-e may be omitted.-nSuppress the default output.A script consists of editing

commands, one per line, of the following form:

[ address [ ,

address ] ] function [ arguments ]

In normal operation, sed cyclically copies a line of input into a

pattern space (unless there is something left after a D command), applies

in sequence all commands whose addresses select that pattern space, and at the

end of the script copies the pattern space to the standard output (except under

-n) and deletes the pattern space.

A semicolon ``;'' can be used as a command delimiter.

Some of the commands use a hold space to save all or part of the pattern

space for subsequent retrieval (see the ``Limitations'' section).

An address is either a decimal number that counts input lines cumulatively

across files, a ``$'' that addresses the last line of input, or a context

address, that is, a /regular expression/ as described in regexp(M),

modified as follows:

In a context address, the construction \?regular expression?, where

``?'' is any character, is identical to /regular expression/. Note that

in the context address \xabc\xdefx, the second x stands for

itself, so that the standard expression is abcxdef.

The escape sequence \n matches a newline embedded in the pattern space.

A dot (.) matches any character except the terminal newline of the pattern

space.

A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.

A command line with one address selects each pattern space that matches

the address.

A command line with two addresses separated by a comma selects the

inclusive range from the first pattern space that matches the first address

through the next pattern space that matches the second. (If the second address

is a number less than or equal to the line number first selected, only one

line is selected.) Thereafter, the process is repeated, looking again for the

first address.

Editing commands can be applied only to nonselected

pattern spaces by use of the negation function ``!'' described in the next

section.

Functions

In the following list of functions, the maximum number of

permissible addresses for each function is indicated in parentheses.

The text argument consists of one or more lines, all but the last of

which end with backslashes to hide the newlines. Backslashes in text are treated

like backslashes in the replacement string of an s command, and may be

used to protect initial blanks and tabs against the stripping that is done on

every script line.

The rfile or wfile argument must terminate the command line and

must be preceded by one blank. Each wfile is created before processing

begins. There can be at most 10 distinct wfile arguments.

(1) a\

textAppends text, placing it on the output before reading the next

input line. Note that there must be a line break between the command and the

text.(2) b labelBranches to the : command bearing the label. If label

is empty, branches to the end of the script.(2) c\

textChanges text by deleting the pattern space and then appending text.

With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, places text on

the output and starts the next cycle. Note that there must be a line break

between the command and the text.(2) dDeletes the pattern space and starts the next cycle.(2) DDeletes the initial segment of the pattern space through the first newline

and starts the next cycle.(2) gReplaces the contents of the pattern space with the contents of the hold

space.(2) GAppends the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.(2) hReplaces the contents of the hold space with the contents of the pattern

space.(2) HAppends the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.(1) i\

textInsert. Places text on the standard output. Note that there must be

a line break between the command and the text.(2) lLists the pattern space on the standard output in an unambiguous way.

Nonprinting characters are displayed as a three digit octal number preceded by

a backslash ``\''. The following characters are printed as escape sequences:

-------------------------------------------

Character Output

-------------------------------------------

backslash \\

alert (bell) \a

backspace \b

form feed \f

carriage return \r

horizontal tab \t

vertical tab \v

Any output lines that are longer than the output device width

(determined by the environment variable COLUMNS) are folded into multiple

lines. New lines, inserted when folding a long line, are escaped by a

preceding backslash character. The ends of each line in the pattern space are

denoted by a dollar character ``$''.(2) nCopies the pattern space to the standard output. Replaces the pattern

space with the next line of input.(2) NAppends the next line of input to the pattern space with an embedded

newline. (The current line number changes.)(2) pPrints (copies) the pattern space on the standard output.(2) PPrints (copies) the initial segment of the pattern space through the first

newline to the standard output.(1) qQuits sed by branching to the end of the script. No new cycle is

started.(2) r rfileReads the contents of rfile and places them on the output before

reading the next input line.(2) s /regular expression/replacement/flagsSubstitutes the replacement string for instances of the regular

expression in the pattern space. Any character may be used instead of

``/''. For a more detailed description, see regexp(M).

Flags is zero or more of:

nSubstitute for just the nth occurrence of the regular

expression. n must be an integer greater than zero.gGlobally substitutes for all non-overlapping instances of the regular

expression rather than just the first one.pPrints the pattern space if a replacement was made.w wfileWrites the pattern space to wfile if a replacement was made.(2) t labelBranches to the colon (:) command bearing label if any

substitutions have been made since the most recent reading of an input line or

execution of a t command. If label is empty, t branches

to the end of the script.(2) w wfileWrites the pattern space to wfile.(2) xExchanges the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.(2) y /string1/string2/Replaces all occurrences of characters in string1 with the

corresponding characters in string2. The lengths of string1 and

string2 must be equal.(2) ! functionApplies the function (or group, if function is ``{'') only

to lines not selected by the address(es).(0) : labelThis command does nothing; it bears a label for b and

t commands to branch to. Labels can be at most 8 characters long.(1) =Places the current line number on the standard output as a line.(2) {Executes the following commands through a matching ``}'' only when the

pattern space is selected.(2) !{Executes the following commands through a matching ``}'' only when the

pattern space is not selected.(0)An empty command is ignored.(0) #Ignore the remainder of the line if # is followed by any other

character than ``n'' (treat the line as a comment); if the character ``n''

follows #, suppress the default output (equivalent to the command line

option -n).

Environment variables

COLUMNSThe width of the standard output device in characters; used by the

l command for folding long lines. If this variable is not set or it has

an invalid value, sed uses the default value 72.

Exit values

sed continues to process all file arguments

even if one or more of them produces an open error. If there is an open error,

sed will exit with a value of 1 when it has finished processing the

files. A value of 2 indicates a usage error.

Examples

The following examples assume the use of sh(C)

or ksh(C).

A common use of sed is to edit a file from within a shell script. In

this example, every occurrence of the string ``sysman'' in the file

infile is replaced by ``System Manager''. A temporary file TMP is used to

hold the intermediate result of the edit:

TMP=/usr/tmp/tmpfile_$$

sed -e 's/sysman/System Manager/g' < infile > $TMP

mv $TMP infile

In this example, sed removes all blank lines (including those with

just and characters) from padded_file:

sed '

/^$/ d

/^[]*$/ d

´ padded_file

sed can be used to strip all lines from a file which do not contain

a certain string. In this example, all lines in the file infile which

start with a hash ``#'' are echoed to the screen:

sed -e '/^#/!d'

< infile

If several editing commands must be carried out on a file, but the parameters

for the edit are to be supplied by the user, then use echo to append

command lines to a sed script. The following example removes all

occurrences of the strings given as arguments to the script from the file

infile. The name of the temporary file is held by the variable SCRIPT:

SCRIPT=/usr/tmp/script_$$

for name in $*

echo "s/${name}//g" >> $SCRIPT

done

TMPFILE=/usr/tmp/tmpfile_$$

sed -f $SCRIPT < infile > $TMPFILE

mv $TMPFILE infile

rm $SCRIPT

Another use of sed is to process the output from other

commands. Here the ps command is filtered using sed to report the

status of all processes other than those owned by the super user:

-ef | sed -e '/^[]*root/d'

Limitations

Both the hold space and pattern space can hold a maximum of

8192 bytes.

linux sed 运算,Linux sed reference

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