shmget物理内存_浅析Linux的共享内存与tmpfs文件系统

前言

共享内存主要用于进程间通信，Linux有两种共享内存(Shared Memory)机制：

(1) ** System V shared memory(shmget/shmat/shmdt) **

Original shared memory mechanism, still widely used Sharing between unrelated processes.

(2) ** POSIX shared memory(shm_open/shm_unlink) **

Sharing between unrelated processes, without overhead of filesystem I/O Intended to be simpler and better than older APIs.

另外，在Linux中不得不提一下内存映射(也可用于进程间通信)：

** Shared mappings – mmap(2) **

l Shared anonymous mappings：Sharing between related processes only (related via fork())

l Shared file mappings：Sharing between unrelated processes, backed by file in filesystem

System V共享内存历史悠久，使用也很广范，很多类Unix系统都支持。一般来说，我们在写程序时也通常使用第一种。这里不再讨论如何使用它们，关于POSIX共享内存的详细介绍可以参考这里1,这里2。

** 讲到那么多，那么问题来了，共享内存与tmpfs有什么关系? **

The POSIX shared memory object implementation on Linux 2.4 makes use of a dedicated filesystem, which is normally mounted under /dev/shm.

从这里可以看到，POSIX共享内存是基于tmpfs来实现的。实际上，更进一步，不仅PSM(POSIX shared memory)，而且SSM(System V shared memory)在内核也是基于tmpfs实现的。

tmpfs介绍

下面是内核文档中关于tmpfs的介绍：

tmpfs has the following uses:

1) There is always a kernel internal mount which you will not see at all. This is used for shared anonymous mappings and SYSV shared memory.

This mount does not depend on CONFIG_TMPFS. If CONFIG_TMPFS is not set, the user visible part of tmpfs is not build. But the internal mechanisms are always present.

2) glibc 2.2 and above expects tmpfs to be mounted at /dev/shm for POSIX shared memory (shm_open, shm_unlink). Adding the following line to /etc/fstab should take care of this:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0

Remember to create the directory that you intend to mount tmpfs on if necessary.

This mount is not needed for SYSV shared memory. The internal mount is used for that. (In the 2.3 kernel versions it w