洛谷P5170 【模板】类欧几里得算法（数论）

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前置芝士

基本数论芝士

题解

本题就是要我们求三个函数的值
\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n \left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\]
\[g(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n \left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor^2\]
\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n i\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

先考虑\(f\)，如果\(a\)为\(0\)，那么显然\[f(a,b,c,n)=(n+1)\frac{b}{c}\]

根据基本数论芝士，有\[\left\lfloor\frac{ax}{b}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor\frac{a(x\% b)}{b}\right\rfloor+a\left\lfloor\frac{x}{b}\right\rfloor\]

所以，当\(a\geq c\)或\(b\geq c\)时，有\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n \left\lfloor\frac{(a\bmod c)i+(b\bmod c)}{c}\right\rfloor+i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

\[f(a,b,c,n)=f(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+(n+1)\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

然后考虑\(a<c\)且\(b<c\)的情况

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n \left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

令\(M=\left\lfloor\frac{an+b}{c}\right\rfloor\)

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=1}^M \left[\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\geq j\right]\]

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=1}^M \left[ai+b\geq jc\right]\]

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \left[ai+b> jc+c-1\right]\]

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\sum_{i=0}^n\left[i>\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor\right]\]

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}n-\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor\]

\[f(a,b,c,d)=nM-f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)\]

综上，\(f\)就可以递归计算了，

\[f(a,b,c,n)=\begin{cases}(n+1)\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor&,a=0\\\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\rfloor+(n+1)\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor+f(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)&,a\ge c\ or\ b\ge c\\nM-f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1),M=\lfloor\frac{an+b}{c}\rfloor &,otherwise\end{cases}\]

发现这东西是\((a,c)->(c,a)->(c\bmod a,a)\)，很像\(\gcd\)的过程，所以这玩意儿的复杂度和\(\gcd\)差不多，都是\(O(\log n)\)

接下来我们要计算\(g,h\)，这两个因为有关联所以我们可以放到一起算

当\(a=0\)时，有

\[g(a,b,c,n)=(n+1)\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor^2\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

然后考虑\(a\geq c\)或者\(b\geq c\)的情况，有

\[g(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\left(\left\lfloor\frac{(a\bmod c)i+(b\bmod c)}{c}\right\rfloor+i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\right)^2\]

\[g(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\left\lfloor\frac{(a\bmod c)i+(b\bmod c)}{c}\right\rfloor^2+2\left(i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\right)\left\lfloor\frac{(a\bmod c)i+(b\bmod c)}{c}\right\rfloor+\left(i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\right)^2\]

\[g(a,b,c,n)=g(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+2\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor h(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+2\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor f(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\sum_{i=0}^ni^2\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+2i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor^2\]

\[g(a,b,c,n)=g(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+2\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor h(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+2\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor f(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+n(n+1)\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor+(n+1)\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor^2\]

然后\(h\)的话就是

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n i\left(\left\lfloor\frac{(a\bmod c)i+(b\bmod c)}{c}\right\rfloor+i\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\right)\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=h(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\left\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\right\rfloor+\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\left\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\right\rfloor\]

然后就是\(a<c\)且\(b<c\)的情况，依旧令\(M=\left\lfloor\frac{an+b}{c}\right\rfloor\)

发现\(\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor^2\)不好搞，因为有\(x^2=-x+2\sum_{i=1}^x i\)，那么就可以继续推倒了

\[g(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\left(-\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor+2\sum_{j=1}^{\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor} j\right)\]

\[g(a,b,c,n)=-f(a,b,c,n)+2\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=1}^M j\left[j\leq \left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\right]\]

后面那个东西就和算\(f\)的时候一样搞掉

\[g(a,b,c,n)=-f(a,b,c,n)+2\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(j+1)(n-\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor)\]

\[g(a,b,c,n)=-f(a,b,c,n)+nm(m+1)-2h(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)-2f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)\]

\(g\)就算好了，然后来算\(h\)

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{i=0}^ni\sum_{j=1}^M \left[\left\lfloor\frac{ai+b}{c}\right\rfloor\geq j\right]\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\sum_{i=0}^ni\left[i>\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor\right]\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\frac{n(n+1)}{2}-\sum_{i=0}^ni\left[i\leq \left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor\right]\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\frac{n(n+1)}{2}-\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor(\left\lfloor\frac{jc+c-b-1}{a}\right\rfloor+1)}{2}\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\frac{1}{2}\left[nm(n+1)-g(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)-f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1) \right]\]

然后就可以了
\[g(a,b,c,n)=\begin{cases}(n+1)\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor^2&,a=1\\g(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+2\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\rfloor h(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\\2\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor f(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\rfloor^2+\\n(n+1)\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\rfloor\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor+(n+1)\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor^2&,a\ge c\ or\ b\ge c\\nM(M+1)-f(a,b,c,n)-2h(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)-\\2f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)&,otherwise\end{cases}\]

\[h(a,b,c,n)=\begin{cases}\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor&,a=0\\h(a\bmod c,b\bmod c,c,n)+\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\lfloor\frac{a}{c}\rfloor+\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\lfloor\frac{b}{c}\rfloor&,a\ge c\ or\ b\ge c\\\frac{1}{2}[Mn(n+1)-g(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)-f(c,c-b-1,a,M-1)]&,otherwise\end{cases}\]

递归计算就行了，顺便记得把\(f,g,h\)同步计算

总算写完了→_→

//minamoto
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define R register
#define fp(i,a,b) for(R int i=a,I=b+1;i<I;++i)
#define fd(i,a,b) for(R int i=a,I=b-1;i>I;--i)
#define go(u) for(int i=head[u],v=e[i].v;i;i=e[i].nx,v=e[i].v)
template<class T>inline bool cmax(T&a,const T&b){return a<b?a=b,1:0;}
template<class T>inline bool cmin(T&a,const T&b){return a>b?a=b,1:0;}
using namespace std;
char buf[1<<21],*p1=buf,*p2=buf;
inline char getc(){return p1==p2&&(p2=(p1=buf)+fread(buf,1,1<<21,stdin),p1==p2)?EOF:*p1++;}
int read(){
    R int res=1,f=1;R char ch;
    while((ch=getc())>'9'||ch<'0')(ch=='-')&&(f=-1);
    for(res=ch-'0';(ch=getc())>='0'&&ch<='9';res=res*10+ch-'0');
    return res*f;
}
char sr[1<<21],z[20];int K=-1,Z=0;
inline void Ot(){fwrite(sr,1,K+1,stdout),K=-1;}
void print(R int x){
    if(K>1<<20)Ot();if(x<0)sr[++K]='-',x=-x;
    while(z[++Z]=x%10+48,x/=10);
    while(sr[++K]=z[Z],--Z);sr[++K]=' ';
}
const int P=998244353,inv2=499122177,inv6=166374059;
inline int add(R int x,R int y){return x+y>=P?x+y-P:x+y;}
inline int dec(R int x,R int y){return x-y<0?x-y+P:x-y;}
inline int mul(R int x,R int y){return 1ll*x*y-1ll*x*y/P*P;}
inline int pow(R int x){return mul(x,x);}
inline int s(R int x){return 1ll*x*(x+1)%P*inv2%P;}
inline int ss(R int x){return 1ll*x*(x+1)%P*((x<<1)+1)%P*inv6%P;}
int ksm(R int x,R int y){
    R int res=1;
    for(;y;y>>=1,x=mul(x,x))if(y&1)res=mul(res,x);
    return res;
}
struct node{int f,g,h;}res;
int n;
node get(int a,int b,int c,int n){
    node res;
    int x=a/c,y=b/c;
    if(!a){
        res.f=1ll*y*(n+1)%P;
        res.g=1ll*pow(y)*(n+1)%P;
        res.h=1ll*y*s(n)%P;
        return res;
    }
    if(a>=c||b>=c){
        res=get(a%c,b%c,c,n);
        res.g=add(res.g,add(1ll*(x<<1)*res.h%P,add(1ll*(y<<1)*res.f%P,add(1ll*ss(n)*pow(x)%P,add(1ll*n*(n+1)%P*x%P*y%P,1ll*(n+1)*pow(y)%P)))));
        res.h=add(res.h,add(1ll*ss(n)*x%P,1ll*s(n)*y%P));
        res.f=add(res.f,add(1ll*s(n)*x%P,1ll*(n+1)*y%P));
        return res;
    }
    int M=(1ll*a*n+b)/c;
    res=get(c,c-b-1,a,M-1);
    int h=res.h,g=res.g,f=res.f;
    res.f=dec(1ll*n*M%P,res.f);
    res.g=dec(dec(dec(1ll*n*M%P*(M+1)%P,res.f),mul(h,2)),mul(f,2));
    res.h=1ll*inv2*dec(dec(1ll*M*n%P*(n+1)%P,g),f)%P;
    return res;
}
int main(){
//  freopen("testdata.in","r",stdin);
    int T=read();
    while(T--){
        int n=read(),a=read(),b=read(),c=read();
        res=get(a,b,c,n);
        print(res.f),print(res.g),print(res.h),sr[K]='\n';
    }
    return Ot(),0;
}

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/bztMinamoto/p/10334354.html