linux内核安装busybox,Linux kernel + busybox自制arm64架构Linux系统

Linux kernel + busybox自制arm64架构Linux系统

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文章目录

Linux kernel + busybox自制arm64架构Linux系统

前言

1.下载和编译Linux kernel

1.1 下载Linux内核

1.2 安装所需前置软件

1.3 设置CPU架构(★)

1.4 设置系统选项

1.5 编译

2.下载和编译busybox

2.1 下载busybox

2.2 设置CPU架构(★)

2.3 设置系统选项

2.4 编译

3.制作根文件系统rootfs

3.1 创建根目录所需的目录

3.2 创建根目录所需的必要文件

制作根文件系统镜像文件rootfs.cpio.gz

4.Linux系统运行

相关阅读：

1.linux内核之源码编译

2.Linux kernel + busybox自制x86_64架构Linux系统

相关问题：

1.自制操作系统

2.制作简单的Linux系统

3.Linux系统制作流程

4.qemu模拟运行arm64

5.qemu模拟运行aarch64

6.x86_64交叉编译arm64 linux内核

环境：

OS：Ubuntu 20.04

aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc: gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1)

Linux Kernel: linux-5.4.50(2020-07-01 08:50)

busybox: busybox-1.32.0(2020-06-26 19:30)

qemu： qemu-system-aarch64 4.2.0

前言

自制arm64架构的Linux系统

1.下载和编译Linux kernel

1.1 下载Linux内核

Linux内核官网：https://www.kernel.org/

wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz

或

wget https://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/kernel/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz

1.2 安装所需前置软件

sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu libncurses5-dev build-essential flex bison bc

查找aarch64相关安装包：

apt-cache search aarch64

1.3 设置CPU架构(★)

这里以arm64架构为例。常用的架构还有x86_64、mips(龙芯)、alpha(申威)

# 设置CPU架构

$ export ARCH=arm64

# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀

$ export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-

1.4 设置系统选项

# 生成arm64的默认.config(根据ARCH生成,arch/arm64/configs/defconfig)

$ make defconfig

# 设置系统选项

$ make menuconfig

.config - Linux/arm64 5.4.50 Kernel Configuration

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

┌────────────────────────────────────────────── Linux/arm64 5.4.50 Kernel Configuration ───────────────────────────────────────────────┐

│ Arrow keys navigate the menu. selects submenus ---> (or empty submenus ----). Highlighted letters are hotkeys. Pressing │

│ includes, excludes, modularizes features. Press to exit, > for Help, > for Search. Legend: [*] │

│ built-in [ ] excluded module < > module capable │

│ │

│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │

│ │ *** Compiler: aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1) 9.3.0 *** │ │

│ │ General setup ---> │ │

│ │ Platform selection ---> │ │

│ │ Kernel Features ---> │ │

│ │ Boot options ---> │ │

│ │ Power management options ---> │ │

│ │ CPU Power Management ---> │ │

│ │ Firmware Drivers ---> │ │

│ │ [*] ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) Support ---> │ │

│ │ [*] Virtualization ---> │ │

│ │ [*] ARM64 Accelerated Cryptographic Algorithms ---> │ │

│ │ General architecture-dependent options ---> │ │

│ │ [*] Enable loadable module support ---> │ │

│ │ -*- Enable the block layer ---> │ │

│ │ IO Schedulers ---> │ │

│ │ Executable file formats ---> │ │

│ │ Memory Management options ---> │ │

│ │ [*] Networking support ---> │ │

│ │ Device Drivers ---> │ │

│ │ File systems ---> │ │

│ │ Security options ---> │ │

│ │ -*- Cryptographic API ---> │ │

│ │ Library routines ---> │ │

│ │ Kernel hacking ---> │ │

│ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │

├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤

│ < Exit > < Help > < Save > < Load > │

└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Linux kernel make详细帮助：

$ make help

Cleaning targets:

...

Configuration targets:

config - Update current config utilising a line-oriented program

nconfig - Update current config utilising a ncurses menu based program

menuconfig - Update current config utilising a menu based program

xconfig - Update current config utilising a Qt based front-end

gconfig - Update current config utilising a GTK+ based front-end

oldconfig - Update current config utilising a provided .config as base

localmodconfig - Update current config disabling modules not loaded

localyesconfig - Update current config converting local mods to core

defconfig - New config with default from ARCH supplied defconfig

savedefconfig - Save current config as ./defconfig (minimal config)

allnoconfig - New config where all options are answered with no

allyesconfig - New config where all options are accepted with yes

allmodconfig - New config selecting modules when possible

alldefconfig - New config with all symbols set to default

randconfig - New config with random answer to all options

listnewconfig - List new options

olddefconfig - Same as oldconfig but sets new symbols to their

default value without prompting

kvmconfig - Enable additional options for kvm guest kernel support

xenconfig - Enable additional options for xen dom0 and guest kernel support

tinyconfig - Configure the tiniest possible kernel

testconfig - Run Kconfig unit tests (requires python3 and pytest)

Other generic targets:

all - Build all targets marked with [*]

* vmlinux - Build the bare kernel

* modules - Build all modules

modules_install - Install all modules to INSTALL_MOD_PATH (default: /)

dir/ - Build all files in dir and below

dir/file.[ois] - Build specified target only

dir/file.ll - Build the LLVM assembly file

(requires compiler support for LLVM assembly generation)

dir/file.lst - Build specified mixed source/assembly target only

(requires a recent binutils and recent build (System.map))

dir/file.ko - Build module including final link

modules_prepare - Set up for building external modules

tags/TAGS - Generate tags file for editors

cscope - Generate cscope index

gtags - Generate GNU GLOBAL index

kernelrelease - Output the release version string (use with make -s)

kernelversion - Output the version stored in Makefile (use with make -s)

image_name - Output the image name (use with make -s)

headers_install - Install sanitised kernel headers to INSTALL_HDR_PATH

(default: ./usr)

Static analysers:

checkstack - Generate a list of stack hogs

namespacecheck - Name space analysis on compiled kernel

versioncheck - Sanity check on version.h usage

includecheck - Check for duplicate included header files

export_report - List the usages of all exported symbols

headerdep - Detect inclusion cycles in headers

coccicheck - Check with Coccinelle

Tools:

nsdeps - Generate missing symbol namespace dependencies

Kernel selftest:

kselftest - Build and run kernel selftest (run as root)

Build, install, and boot kernel before

running kselftest on it

kselftest-clean - Remove all generated kselftest files

kselftest-merge - Merge all the config dependencies of kselftest to existing

.config.

Devicetree:

* dtbs - Build device tree blobs for enabled boards

dtbs_install - Install dtbs to /boot/dtbs/

dt_binding_check - Validate device tree binding documents

dtbs_check - Validate device tree source files

Userspace tools targets:

use "make tools/help"

or "cd tools; make help"

Kernel packaging:

...

Documentation targets:

...

Architecture specific targets (arm64):

* Image.gz - Compressed kernel image (arch/arm64/boot/Image.gz)

Image - Uncompressed kernel image (arch/arm64/boot/Image)

install - Install uncompressed kernel

zinstall - Install compressed kernel

Install using (your) ~/bin/installkernel or

(distribution) /sbin/installkernel or

install to $(INSTALL_PATH) and run lilo

make V=0|1 [targets] 0 => quiet build (default), 1 => verbose build

make V=2 [targets] 2 => give reason for rebuild of target

make O=dir [targets] Locate all output files in "dir", including .config

make C=1 [targets] Check re-compiled c source with $CHECK (sparse by default)

make C=2 [targets] Force check of all c source with $CHECK

make RECORDMCOUNT_WARN=1 [targets] Warn about ignored mcount sections

make W=n [targets] Enable extra build checks, n=1,2,3 where

1: warnings which may be relevant and do not occur too often

2: warnings which occur quite often but may still be relevant

3: more obscure warnings, can most likely be ignored

Multiple levels can be combined with W=12 or W=123

Execute "make" or "make all" to build all targets marked with [*]

For further info see the ./README file

1.5 编译

AMD 4800H CPU 8G内存16线程大约需要5分钟编译

# 根据CPU线程数设置

$ make -j 16

最后编译完成的内核位于arch/x86/boot/bzImage

$ ls -l arch/arm64/boot/Image

-rw-rw-r-- 1 dev dev 26092032 8月 12 21:16 arch/arm64/boot/Image

至此，Linux kernel编译完成

linux-5.4.50文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况

$ du -lh --max-depth=1

208K./LICENSES

48M./Documentation

44M./lib

121M./sound

35M./tools

2.3M./init

30M./crypto

13M./virt

42M./mm

50M./include

75M./kernel

5.9M./scripts

204K./certs

266M./fs

224M./arch

1.6M./samples

8.9M./security

432M./net

128K./usr

17M./block

4.3M./ipc

2.9G./drivers

5.4G.

2.下载和编译busybox

busybox 将许多具有共性的小版本的UNIX工具结合到一个单一的可执行文件。这样的集合可以替代大部分常用工具比如的GNU fileutils，shellutils等工具，busybox提供了一个比较完善的环境，可以适用于任何小的嵌入式系统。

2.1 下载busybox

下载地址：https://busybox.net/downloads/

wget https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.32.0.tar.bz2

2.2 设置CPU架构(★)

这里以arm64架构为例。

# 设置CPU架构

$ export ARCH=arm64

# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀

$ export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-

2.3 设置系统选项

# 生成默认.config

$ make defconfig

# 设置busybox选项

$ make menuconfig

修改选项

...

Settings --->

...

# 静态编译busybox

--- Build Options

[*] Build static binary (no shared libs)

...

...

bosybox make详细帮助：

$ make help

...

Configuration:

allnoconfig- disable all symbols in .config

allyesconfig- enable all symbols in .config (see defconfig)

config- text based configurator (of last resort)

defconfig- set .config to largest generic configuration

menuconfig- interactive curses-based configurator

oldconfig- resolve any unresolved symbols in .config

android2_defconfig - Build for android2

cygwin_defconfig - Build for cygwin

TEST_nommu_defconfig - Build for TEST_nommu

android_defconfig - Build for android

TEST_noprintf_defconfig - Build for TEST_noprintf

android_ndk_defconfig - Build for android_ndk

android_502_defconfig - Build for android_502

TEST_rh9_defconfig - Build for TEST_rh9

freebsd_defconfig - Build for freebsd

Installation:

install- install busybox into CONFIG_PREFIX

uninstall

...

2.4 编译

# 根据CPU线程数设置

$ make -j 16

安装busybox，默认路径为当期目录的_install文件夹

make install

$ file _install/bin/busybox

_install/bin/busybox: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, ARM aarch64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=15c3d931be02d441c975fd054f694b620fe5b87c, for GNU/Linux 3.7.0, stripped

至此，busybox静态编译完成

busybox-1.32.0文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况

$ du -lh --max-depth=1

636K./examples

276K./mailutils

276K./findutils

2.5M./archival

256K./init

524K./console-tools

5.5M./networking

248K./e2fsprogs

7.4M./include

1016K./procps

1.4M./docs

232K./sysklogd

4.0K./.tmp_versions

1.7M./scripts

524K./applets

108K./selinux

368K./modutils

540K./loginutils

196K./debianutils

3.9M./util-linux

28K./arch

952K./editors

7.0M./shell

2.3M./miscutils

3.3M./coreutils

36K./qemu_multiarch_testing

128K./printutils

12K./applets_sh

5.0M./libbb

116K./klibc-utils

124K./libpwdgrp

252K./configs

1.7M./testsuite

436K./runit

55M.

3.制作根文件系统rootfs

基于busybox的文件系统启动过程：

/sbin/init => /etc/inittab => /etc/init.d/rdS => /etc/fstab ...

3.1 创建根目录所需的目录

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

$ ls

bin linuxrc sbin usr

$ mkdir -p dev etc home lib mnt proc root sys tmp var

$ ls

bin dev etc home lib linuxrc mnt proc root sbin sys tmp usr var

根文件系统目录说明

/bin: 系统管理员和用户均可使用的命令

/sbin： 系统管理员使用的系统命令

/dev: 存储特殊文件或设备文件；设备两种类型：字符设备、块设备

/etc: 系统配置文件

/home: 普通用户目录

/root：root用户目录

/lib: 为系统启动或根文件上的应用程序(/bin,/sbin等)提供共享库，以及为内核提供内核模块

/mnt：临时挂载点

/tmp: 临时文件存储目录

/usr：usr hierarchy，全局共享的只读数据路径

/var：存储常发生变化的数据目录：cache、log等

/proc: 基于内存的虚拟文件系统，用于为内核及进程存储其相关信息

/sys：sysfs虚拟文件系统提供了一种比proc更为理想的访问内核数据的途径：其主要作用在于为管理linux设备提供一种统一模型的接口；

3.2 创建根目录所需的必要文件

etc/inittab

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

$ vim etc/inittab

$ chmod 755 etc/inittab

etc/inittab内容：

::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

::respawn:-/bin/sh

::askfirst:-/bin/sh

::cttlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r

inittab语法：

:::id : /dev/id

runlevels : 忽略

action : 何时执行，有以下选项 sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once,restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown

process : 应用程序或脚本

etc/init.d/rcS

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

$ mkdir -p etc/init.d/

$ vim etc/init.d/rcS

$ chmod 755 etc/init.d/rcS

etc/init.d/rcS内容：

echo "----------mount all in fstab----------------"

/bin/mount -a #读取/etc/fstab，加载文件系统

mkdir -p /dev/pts

mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts

echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug

mdev -s

echo "****************Hello itas109******************"

echo "Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50"

echo "***********************************************"

etc/fstab

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

vim etc/fstab

etc/fstab内容:

#device mount-point type option dump fsck

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0

temps /tmp rpoc defaults 0 0

none /tmp ramfs defaults 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0

mdev /dev ramfs defaults 0 0

添加设备文件

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

$ cd dev

$ sudo mknod console c 5 1

$ sudo mknod null c 1 3

制作根文件系统镜像文件rootfs.cpio.gz

$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install

$ find . | cpio -o -H newc > rootfs.cpio

$ gzip -c rootfs.cpio > rootfs.cpio.gz

4.Linux系统运行

cd ~

$ qemu-system-aarch64 \

-cpu cortex-a57 \

-m 512M \

-machine type=virt \

-nographic \

-smp 1 \

-kernel ./Image \

-initrd ./rootfs.cpio.gz \

-append "rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0" \

-device virtio-scsi-device

启动结果：

[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x411fd070]

[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.4.50 (dev@dev) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1)) #1 SMP PREEMPT Wed Aug 12 21:09:35 CST 2020

...

----------mount all in fstab----------------

mount: mounting temps on /tmp failed: No such device

/etc/init.d/rcS: line 5: can't create /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug: nonexistent directory

****************Hello itas109******************

Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50

***********************************************

Please press Enter to activate this console.

/ # uname -a

Linux (none) 5.4.50 #1 SMP PREEMPT Wed Aug 12 21:09:35 CST 2020 aarch64 GNU/Linux

Reference:

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