OpenCV3的机器学习算法－使用Python
英文：http://docs.opencv.org/master/d5/d26/tutorial_py_knn_understanding.html
Goal
In this chapter, we will understand the concepts of k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) algorithm.
Theory
kNN is one of the simplest of classification algorithms available for supervised learning. The idea is to search for closest match of the test data in feature space. We will look into it with below image.
K 近邻(k-Nearest Neighbour )
1 理解 K 近邻目标
• 本节我们要理解 k 近邻(kNN)的基本概念、原理。
kNN 可以说是最简单的监督学习分类器了。想法也很简单,就是找出测试 数据在特征空间中的最近邻居。我们将使用下面的图片介绍它。
In the image, there are two families, Blue Squares and Red Triangles. We call each family as Class. Their houses are shown in their town map which we call feature space. *(You can consider a feature space as a space where all datas are projected. For example, consider a 2D coordinate space. Each data has two features, x and y coordinates. You can represent this data in your 2D coordinate space, right? Now imagine if there are three features, you need 3D space. Now consider N features, where you need N-dimensional space, right? This N-dimensional space is its feature space. In our image, you can consider it as a 2D case with two features)*.
上图中的对象可以分成两组,蓝色方块和红色三角。每一组也可以称为一 个类。我们可以把所有的这些对象看成是一个城镇中房子,而所有的房子分别 属于蓝色和红色家族,而这个城镇就是所谓的特征空间。(你可以把一个特征空 间看成是所有点的投影所在的空间。例如在一个 2D 的坐标空间中,每个数据 都两个特征 x 坐标和 y 坐标,你可以在 2D 坐标空间中表示这些数据。如果每 个数据都有 3 个特征呢,我们就需要一个 3D 空间。N 个特征就需要 N 维空 间,这个 N 维空间就是特征空间。在上图中,我们可以认为是具有两个特征色2D 空间)。
Now a new member comes into the town and creates a new home, which is shown as green circle. He should be added to one of these Blue/Red families. We call that process, Classification. What we do? Since we are dealing with kNN, let us apply this algorithm.
现在城镇中来了一个新人,他的新房子用绿色圆盘表示。我们要根据他房 子的位置把他归为蓝色家族或红色家族。我们把这过程成为分类。我们应该怎 么做呢?因为我们正在学习看 kNN,那我们就使用一下这个算法吧。
One method is to check who is his nearest neighbour. From the image, it is clear it is the Red Triangle family. So he is also added into Red Triangle. This method is called simply Nearest Neighbour, because classification depends only on the nearest neighbour.
一个方法就是查看他最近的邻居属于那个家族,从图像中我们知道最近的 是红色三角家族。所以他被分到红色家族。这种方法被称为简单近邻,因为分 类仅仅决定与它最近的邻居。
But there is a problem with that. Red Triangle may be the nearest. But what if there are lot of Blue Squares near to him? Then Blue Squares have more strength in that locality than Red Triangle. So just checking nearest one is not sufficient. Instead we check some k nearest families. Then whoever is majority in them, the new guy belongs to that family. In our image, let's take k=3, ie 3 nearest families. He has two Red and one Blue (there are two Blues equidistant, but since k=3, we take only one of them), so again he should be added to Red family. But what if we take k=7? Then he has 5 Blue families and 2 Red families. Great!! Now he should be added to Blue family. So it all changes with value of k. More funny thing is, what if k = 4? He has 2 Red and 2 Blue neighbours. It is a tie !!! So better take k as an odd number. So this method is called k-Nearest Neighbour since classification depends on k nearest neighbours.
但是这里还有一个问题。红色三角可能是最近的,但如果他周围还有很多 蓝色方块怎么办呢?此时蓝色方块对局部的影响应该大于红色三角。所以仅仅 检测最近的一个邻居是不足的。所以我们检测 k 个最近邻居。谁在这 k 个邻 居中占据多数,那新的成员就属于谁那一类。如果 k 等于 3,也就是在上面图像中检测 3 个最近的邻居。他有两个红的和一个蓝的邻居,所以他还是属于红 色家族。但是如果 k 等于 7 呢?他有 5 个蓝色和 2 个红色邻居,现在他就会 被分到蓝色家族了。k 的取值对结果影响非常大。更有趣的是,如果 k 等于 4呢?两个红两个蓝。这是一个死结。所以 k 的取值最好为奇数。这中根据 k 个 最近邻居进行分类的方法被称为 kNN。
Again, in kNN, it is true we are considering k neighbours, but we are giving equal importance to all, right? Is it justice? For example, take the case of k=4. We told it is a tie. But see, the 2 Red families are more closer to him than the other 2 Blue families. So he is more eligible to be added to Red. So how do we mathematically explain that? We give some weights to each family depending on their distance to the new-comer. For those who are near to him get higher weights while those are far away get lower weights. Then we add total weights of each family separately. Whoever gets highest total weights, new-comer goes to that family. This is called modified kNN.
在 kNN 中我们考虑了 k 个最近邻居,但是我们给了这些邻居相等的权 重,这样做公平吗?以 k 等于 4 为例,我们说她是一个死结。但是两个红色三 角比两个蓝色方块距离新成员更近一些。所以他更应该被分为红色家族。那用 数学应该如何表示呢?我们要根据每个房子与新房子的距离对每个房子赋予不 同的权重。距离近的具有更高的权重,距离远的权重更低。然后我们根据两个 家族的权重和来判断新房子的归属,谁的权重大就属于谁。这被称为修改过的kNN。
So what are some important things you see here?
You need to have information about all the houses in town, right? Because, we have to check the distance from new-comer to all the existing houses to find the nearest neighbour. If there are plenty of houses and families, it takes lots of memory, and more time for calculation also.
There is almost zero time for any kind of training or preparation.
Now let's see it in OpenCV.
那这里面些是重要的呢?
• 我们需要整个城镇中每个房子的信息。因为我们要测量新来者到所有现存 房子的距离,并在其中找到最近的。如果那里有很多房子,就要占用很大的内存和更多的计算时间。
• 训练和处理几乎不需要时间。 现在我们看看 OpenCV 中的 kNN。
kNN in OpenCV
We will do a simple example here, with two families (classes), just like above. Then in the next chapter, we will do an even better example.
So here, we label the Red family as Class-0 (so denoted by 0) and Blue family as Class-1 (denoted by 1). We create 25 families or 25 training data, and label them either Class-0 or Class-1. We do all these with the help of Random Number Generator in Numpy.
Then we plot it with the help of Matplotlib. Red families are shown as Red Triangles and Blue families are shown as Blue Squares.
1.1 OpenCV 中的 kNN
我们这里来举一个简单的例子,和上面一样有两个类。下一节我们会有一 个更好的例子。
这里我们将红色家族标记为 Class-0,蓝色家族标记为 Class-1。还要 再创建 25 个训练数据,把它们非别标记为 Class-0 或者 Class-1。Numpy中随机数产生器可以帮助我们完成这个任务。
然后借助 Matplotlib 将这些点绘制出来。红色家族显示为红色三角蓝色 家族显示为蓝色方块。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Jan 28 18:00:18 2014
@author: duan
"""
import cv2import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Feature set containing (x,y) values of 25 known/training data
trainData = np.random.randint(0,100,(25,2)).astype(np.float32)
# Labels each one either Red or Blue with numbers 0 and 1
responses = np.random.randint(0,2,(25,1)).astype(np.float32)
# Take Red families and plot them
red = trainData[responses.ravel()==0]
plt.scatter(red[:,0],red[:,1],80,'r','^')
# Take Blue families and plot them
blue = trainData[responses.ravel()==1]
plt.scatter(blue[:,0],blue[:,1],80,'b','s')
plt.show()You will get something similar to our first image. Since you are using random number generator, you will be getting different data each time you run the code.
Next initiate the kNN algorithm and pass the trainData and responses to train the kNN (It constructs a search tree).
Then we will bring one new-comer and classify him to a family with the help of kNN in OpenCV. Before going to kNN, we need to know something on our test data (data of new comers). Our data should be a floating point array with size numberoftestdata×numberoffeatures. Then we find the nearest neighbours of new-comer. We can specify how many neighbours we want. It returns:
The label given to new-comer depending upon the kNN theory we saw earlier. If you want Nearest Neighbour algorithm, just specify k=1 where k is the number of neighbours.
The labels of k-Nearest Neighbours.
Corresponding distances from new-comer to each nearest neighbour.
So let's see how it works. New comer is marked in green color.
你可能会得到一个与上面类似的图形,但不会完全一样,因为你使用了随 机数产生器,每次你运行代码都会得到不同的结果。
下面就是 kNN 算法分类器的初始化,我们要传入一个训练数据集,以及与训练数据对应的分类来训练 kNN 分类器(构建搜索树)。
最后要使用 OpenCV 中的 kNN 分类器,我们给它一个测试数据,让它来 进行分类。在使用 kNN 之前,我们应该对测试数据有所了解。我们的数据应 该是大小为数据数目乘以特征数目的浮点性数组。然后我们就可以通过计算找 到测试数据最近的邻居了。我们可以设置返回的最近邻居的数目。返回值包括:
1. 由 kNN 算法计算得到的测试数据的类别标志(0 或 1)。如果你想使用 最近邻算法,只需要将 k 设置为 1,k 就是最近邻的数目。
2. k 个最近邻居的类别标志。
3. 每个最近邻居到测试数据的距离。 让我们看看它是如何工作的。测试数据被标记为绿色。
newcomer = np.random.randint(0,100,(1,2)).astype(np.float32)
plt.scatter(newcomer[:,0],newcomer[:,1],80,'g','o')
knn = cv2.KNearest()
knn.train(trainData,responses)
ret, results, neighbours ,dist = knn.find_nearest(newcomer, 3)
print "result: ", results,"\n"
print "neighbours: ", neighbours,"\n"print "distance: ", dist
plt.show()I got the result as follows:
下面是我得到的结果:
It says our new-comer got 3 neighbours, all from Blue family. Therefore, he is labelled as Blue family. It is obvious from plot below:
这说明我们的测试数据有 3 个邻居,他们都是蓝色,所以它被分为蓝色家 族。结果很明显,如下图所示:
result: [[ 1.]]
neighbours: [[ 1. 1. 1.]]
distance: [[ 53. 58. 61.]]
If you have large number of data, you can just pass it as array. Corresponding results are also obtained as arrays.
如果我们有大量的数据要进行测试,可以直接传入一个数组。对应的结果 同样也是数组。
# 10 new comers
newcomers = np.random.randint(0,100,(10,2)).astype(np.float32) ret, results,neighbours,dist = knn.find_nearest(newcomer, 3)
# The results also will contain 10 labels.更多资源
1. NPTEL notes on Pattern Recognition, Chapter 11
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