简介

RPM是RPMPackage Manager（RPM软件包管理器）的缩写，这一文件格式名称虽然打上了RedHat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在包括OpenLinux、S.u.S.E.以及Turbo Linux等Linux的分发版本都有采用，可以算是公认的行业标准了。

主要组成部分

          ●RPM数据库

    ●RPM软件包文件

    ●RPM可执行文件

RPM数据库

默认使用RPM作为软件包管理器的OS，一般其RPM数据库信息存放于/var/lib/rpm/目录下。当我们使用rpm相关命令时，它会到数据库中查找相关的数据(软件包名，校验信息，依赖，已安装的软件包，软件包组…)。可以使用file命令查看目录下的文件信息，可以发现几乎都是二进制的数据库文件信息。

rpm重建数据库的命令是

            rpm --rebuilddb

# file  /var/lib/rpm/*

/var/lib/rpm/Basenames:      Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Conflictname:    Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/__db.001:       Applesoft BASIC program data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.002:       data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.003:       data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.004:       data

/var/lib/rpm/Dirnames:       Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Filedigests:      Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Group:          Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9,  native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Installtid:        Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Name:           Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9,  native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename:   Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Packages:       Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Providename:    Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Provideversion:   Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Pubkeys:        Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Requirename:    Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Requireversion:  Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Sha1header:     Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Sigmd5:         Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Triggername:     Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native  byte-order)

RPM软件包文件

红帽或者一些开源组织使用rpm软件包文件发布软件，类似于tar归档文件打包。包文件中包含许多的信息(软件本身，包名，安装大小，软件包简述信息，依赖信息，包校验信息…)

 

包命名规则

          例子：kernel-2.6.32-358.el6.i686

kernel

软件包的名称

2.6.32

版本号

358

发行号

el6

发行商版本，适用于rhel6/centos6系统上

i686

x86硬件架构

RPM可执行文件

RPM可执行文件是管理员操作rpm数据库的前端，通过可执行文件可达到不同功能安装，查询，卸载

安装命令：

安装：

          rpm{-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...

                   -v:verbose

                   -vv:显示详细过程

                   -h:以#显示程序包管理执行进度；每个#表示2%的进度

rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE ...

常用的格式 

# rpm -ivh  lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

warning:  lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID  f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing...                        #################################  [100%]

Updating / installing...

    1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7              ################################# [100%]

显示详细的安装过程

# rpm -ivvh  lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

D: ==============  lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

D: loading keyring from pubkeys in  /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key

D: couldn't find any keys in  /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key

D: loading keyring from rpmdb

D: opening  db environment /var/lib/rpm cdb:0x401

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Packages 0x400 mode=0x0

D: locked   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Packages

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Name 0x400 mode=0x0

D: Expected size:        79376 =  lead(96)+sigs(1284)+pad(4)+data(77992)

D:    Actual size:        79376

warning:  lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID  f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:    added  binary package [0]

D: found 0 source and 1 binary packages

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname 0x400  mode=0x0

D: ========== +++ lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7  x86_64/linux 0x2

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Providename 0x400  mode=0x0

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6()(64bit)                            YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.11)(64bit)                  YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)                  YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.15)(64bit)                  YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)                 YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit)                   YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit)                 YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit)                   YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.7)(64bit)                   YES (db provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: libnsl.so.1()(64bit)                          YES (db provides)

D:   Requires: rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1        YES (rpmlib provides)

D:   Requires: rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1                YES (rpmlib provides)

D:   Requires: rpmlib(PartialHardlinkSets) <= 4.0.4-1        YES (rpmlib provides)

D:   Requires: rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1       YES (rpmlib provides)

D:   read h#      12 Header V3  RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:   Requires: rtld(GNU_HASH)                                YES (db provides)

D:   Requires: rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1                  YES (rpmlib provides)

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename 0x400  mode=0x0

D: ========== recording tsort relations

D: ========== tsorting packages (order,  #predecessors, #succesors, depth)

D:      0    0    0     1   +lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

D: installing binary packages

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname

D: closed   db index        /var/lib/rpm/Providename

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Name

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Packages

D: closed   db environment /var/lib/rpm

D: opening  db environment /var/lib/rpm cdb:0x401

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Packages (none) mode=0x42

D: sanity checking 1 elements

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Name (none) mode=0x42

D: running pre-transaction scripts

D: computing 9 file fingerprints

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Basenames (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Group (none) mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Requirename (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Providename (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Triggername (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Dirnames (none) mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Installtid (none)  mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Sigmd5 (none) mode=0x42

D: opening  db index       /var/lib/rpm/Sha1header (none)  mode=0x42

Preparing...                          D: computing file  dispositions

D: 0x0000fd00     4096       4372384     18293084 /

################################# [100%]

D: ========== +++ lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7  x86_64-linux 0x2

D: Expected size:        79376 =  lead(96)+sigs(1284)+pad(4)+data(77992)

D:    Actual size:        79376

D: lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64: Header  V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D:    install: lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7 has 9 files

Updating / installing...

    1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7              D: ========== Directories not explicitly included in package:

D:          0 /usr/bin/

D:           1  /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/

D:          2 /usr/share/man/man1/

D: ==========

D: create     100644   1 (   0,   0) 14021  /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/lrzsz.mo;55e23296

D: create     100644   1 (   0,   0)   5810 /usr/share/man/man1/rz.1.gz;55e23296

D: create     100644   1 (   0,   0)   7383 /usr/share/man/man1/sz.1.gz;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0)      0 /usr/bin/rb;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0)      0 /usr/bin/rx;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0) 76760 /usr/bin/rz;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0)      0 /usr/bin/sb;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0)      0 /usr/bin/sx;55e23296

D: create     100755   3 (   0,   0) 80872 /usr/bin/sz;55e23296

################################# [100%]

XZDIO:      40 reads,   186156 total bytes in 0.010046 secs

D: adding "lrzsz" to Name  index.

D: adding 9 entries to Basenames index.

D: adding  "Applications/Communications" to Group index.

D: adding 16 entries to Requirename  index.

D: adding 2 entries to Providename  index.

D: adding 3 entries to Dirnames index.

D: adding 1 entries to Installtid index.

D: adding 1 entries to Sigmd5 index.

D: adding  "ea6a9195f414aea41862dc4242fd7345a1a6775f" to Sha1header index.

D: running post-transaction scripts

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Sha1header

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Sigmd5

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Installtid

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Dirnames

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Triggername

D: closed   db index        /var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Providename

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Requirename

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Group

D: closed   db index        /var/lib/rpm/Basenames

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Name

D: closed   db index       /var/lib/rpm/Packages

D: closed   db environment /var/lib/rpm

 

一些附加的安装选项

--test: 测试安装，但不真正执行安装过程；dry run模式；

--nodeps：忽略依赖关系；

--replacepkgs: 重新安装；

--nosignature: 不检查来源合法性；

--nodigest：不检查包完整性；

--noscipts：不执行程序包脚本片断；

%pre: 安装前脚本；--nopre

%post: 安装后脚本；--nopost

%preun: 卸载前脚本；--nopreun

%postun: 卸载后脚本；  --nopostun

查询

常用到的查询组合 rpm –qa         -ql     -qf    -qc    -qd   -qi    

-qa 查看系统上已经安装的软件包

# rpm -qa |more     /*可以结合grep查找某软件包是否已安装

grub2-2.02-0.16.el7.centos.x86_64

centos-release-7-1.1503.el7.centos.2.8.x86_64

lvm2-2.02.115-3.el7.x86_64

filesystem-3.2-18.el7.x86_64

audit-2.4.1-5.el7.x86_64

ncurses-base-5.9-13.20130511.el7.noarch

tuned-2.4.1-1.el7.noarch

linux-firmware-20140911-0.1.git365e80c.el7.noarch

aic94xx-firmware-30-6.el7.noarch

glibc-common-2.17-78.el7.x86_64

openssh-server-6.6.1p1-11.el7.x86_64

-ql 查看安装后软件包中文件(可执行的二进制文件，配置文件，帮助文件，库文件…)展开后所在目录

# rpm -ql lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

/usr/bin/rb

/usr/bin/rx

/usr/bin/rz

/usr/bin/sb

/usr/bin/sx

/usr/bin/sz

/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/lrzsz.mo

/usr/share/man/man1/rz.1.gz

/usr/share/man/man1/sz.1.gz

-qf 通过此命令反查相关文件(可执行的二进制文件，配置文件，帮助文件，库文件…)，是由哪个软件包生成

# rpm -qf /usr/bin/sz

lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

 

# rpm -qf  /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/lrzsz.mo

lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

 

# rpm -qf /usr/bin/sb

lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

-qi 软件包的简介(软件包的功能，作者，许可…)

# rpm -qi vim-common-7.2.411-1.8.el6.i686

Name        : vim-common                   Relocations: (not relocatable)

Version     : 7.2.411                           Vendor: Red Hat,  Inc.

Release     : 1.8.el6                       Build Date: 2012年02月17日  星期五 23时24分04秒

Install Date: 2015年01月10日  星期六 22时44分25秒      Build Host:  x86-012.build.bos.redhat.com

Group       : Applications/Editors          Source RPM:  vim-7.2.411-1.8.el6.src.rpm

Size        : 17772584                         License: Vim and  GPLv2+ and BSD and LGPLv2+ and Open Publication

Signature   : RSA/8, 2012年04月05日  星期四 13时42分54秒, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51

Packager    : Red Hat, Inc.  <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>

URL         : http://www.vim.org/

Summary     : The common files needed by any version  of the VIM editor

Description :

VIM (VIsual editor iMproved) is an  updated and improved version of the

vi editor.  Vi was the first real screen-based editor  for UNIX, and is

still very popular.  VIM improves on vi by adding new features:

multiple windows, multi-level undo,  block highlighting and more.  The

vim-common package contains files which  every VIM binary will need in

order to run.

 

If you are installing vim-enhanced or  vim-X11, you'll also need

to install the vim-common package.

-qc 软件包的文本文件配置通常在/etc目录下(有些软件没有配置文件)

# rpm -qc  vim-common-7.2.411-1.8.el6.i686

/etc/vimrc

-qd 软件包的安装后生成的文档(帮助文档居多)

# rpm -qd  vim-common-7.2.411-1.8.el6.i686

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/Changelog.rpm

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/LICENSE

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_ami.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_amibin.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_amisrc.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_bindos.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_dos.txt

/usr/share/doc/vim-common-7.2.411/README_extra.txt

  ………………………………….

/usr/share/man/pl/man1/xxd.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/evim.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/ex.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/rview.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/rvim.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/view.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/vimdiff.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/vimtutor.1.gz

/usr/share/man/ru/man1/xxd.1.gz

 

签名检查

# rpm --checksig  httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.i686.rpm

httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.i686.rpm: RSA sha1  ((MD5) PGP) md5 NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: (MD5) PGP#fd431d51)

 

卸载

常用的选项 rpm –e 软件包名

                   -e

                   --nodeps在卸载之前不做依赖检查(慎用).