字符串是程序设计中最复杂的变成内容之一。STL string类提供了强大的功能,使得许多繁琐的编程内容用简单的语句就可完成。string字符串类减少了C语言编程中三种最常见且最具破坏性的错误:超越数组边界;通过违背初始化或被赋以错误值的指针来访问数组元素;以及在释放了某一数组原先所分配的存储单元后仍保留了“悬挂”指针。
string类的函数主要有:
Member functions
-
(constructor)
- Construct string object (public member function )
-
(destructor)
- String destructor (public member function )
-
operator=
- String assignment (public member function )
-
Iterators:
-
begin
- Return iterator to beginning (public member function )
-
end
- Return iterator to end (public member function )
-
rbegin
- Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
-
rend
- Return reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function )
-
cbegin
- Return const_iterator to beginning (public member function )
-
cend
- Return const_iterator to end (public member function )
-
crbegin
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
-
crend
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse end (public member function )
Capacity:
-
size
- Return length of string (public member function )
-
length
- Return length of string (public member function )
-
max_size
- Return maximum size of string (public member function )
-
resize
- Resize string (public member function )
-
capacity
- Return size of allocated storage (public member function )
-
reserve
- Request a change in capacity (public member function )
-
clear
- Clear string (public member function )
-
empty
- Test if string is empty (public member function )
-
shrink_to_fit
- Shrink to fit (public member function )
Element access:
-
operator[]
- Get character of string (public member function )
-
at
- Get character in string (public member function )
-
back
- Access last character (public member function )
-
front
- Access first character (public member function )
Modifiers:
-
operator+=
- Append to string (public member function )
-
append
- Append to string (public member function )
-
push_back
- Append character to string (public member function )
-
assign
- Assign content to string (public member function )
-
insert
- Insert into string (public member function )
-
erase
- Erase characters from string (public member function )
-
replace
- Replace portion of string (public member function )
-
swap
- Swap string values (public member function )
-
pop_back
- Delete last character (public member function )
String operations:
-
c_str
- Get C string equivalent (public member function )
-
data
- Get string data (public member function )
-
get_allocator
- Get allocator (public member function )
-
copy
- Copy sequence of characters from string (public member function )
-
find
- Find content in string (public member function )
-
rfind
- Find last occurrence of content in string (public member function )
-
find_first_of
- Find character in string (public member function )
-
find_last_of
- Find character in string from the end (public member function )
-
find_first_not_of
- Find absence of character in string (public member function )
-
find_last_not_of
- Find non-matching character in string from the end (public member function )
-
substr
- Generate substring (public member function )
-
compare
- Compare strings (public member function )
Member constants
-
npos
- Maximum value for size_t (public static member constant )
Non-member functions overloads
-
operator+
- Concatenate strings (function )
-
relational operators
- Relational operators for string (function )
-
swap
- Exchanges the values of two strings (function )
-
operator>>
- Extract string from stream (function )
-
operator<<
- Insert string into stream (function )
-
getline
- Get line from stream into string (function )
C++string类常用函数
string类的构造函数:
string(const char *s); //用c字符串s初始化
string(int n,char c); //用n个字符c初始化
此外,string类还支持默认构造函数和复制构造函数,如string s1;string s2="hello";都是正确的写法。当构造的string太长而无法表达时会抛出length_error异常
string类的字符操作:
const char &operator[](int n)const;
const char &at(int n)const;
char &operator[](int n);
char &at(int n);
operator[]和at()均返回当前字符串中第n个字符的位置,但at函数提供范围检查,当越界时会抛出out_of_range异常,下标运算符[]不提供检查访问。
const char *data()const;//返回一个非null终止的c字符数组
const char *c_str()const;//返回一个以null终止的c字符串
int copy(char *s, int n, int pos = 0) const;//把当前串中以pos开始的n个字符拷贝到以s为起始位置的字符数组中,返回实际拷贝的数目
string的特性描述:
int capacity()const; //返回当前容量(即string中不必增加内存即可存放的元素个数)
int max_size()const; //返回string对象中可存放的最大字符串的长度
int size()const; //返回当前字符串的大小
int length()const; //返回当前字符串的长度
bool empty()const; //当前字符串是否为空
void resize(int len,char c);//把字符串当前大小置为len,并用字符c填充不足的部分
string类的输入输出操作:
string类重载运算符operator>>用于输入,同样重载运算符operator<<用于输出操作。
函数getline(istream &in,string &s);用于从输入流in中读取字符串到s中,以换行符'\n'分开。
string的赋值:
string &operator=(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串
string &assign(const char *s);//用c类型字符串s赋值
string &assign(const char *s,int n);//用c字符串s开始的n个字符赋值
string &assign(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串
string &assign(int n,char c);//用n个字符c赋值给当前字符串
string &assign(const string &s,int start,int n);//把字符串s中从start开始的n个字符赋给当前字符串
string &assign(const_iterator first,const_itertor last);//把first和last迭代器之间的部分赋给字符串
string的连接:
string &operator+=(const string &s);//把字符串s连接到当前字符串的结尾
string &append(const char *s); //把c类型字符串s连接到当前字符串结尾
string &append(const char *s,int n);//把c类型字符串s的前n个字符连接到当前字符串结尾
string &append(const string &s); //同operator+=()
string &append(const string &s,int pos,int n);//把字符串s中从pos开始的n个字符连接到当前字符串的结尾
string &append(int n,char c); //在当前字符串结尾添加n个字符c
string &append(const_iterator first,const_iterator last);//把迭代器first和last之间的部分连接到当前字符串的结尾
string的比较:
bool operator==(const string &s1,const string &s2)const;//比较两个字符串是否相等
运算符">","<",">=","<=","!="均被重载用于字符串的比较;
int compare(const string &s) const;//比较当前字符串和s的大小
int compare(int pos, int n,const string &s)const;//比较当前字符串从pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串与s的大小
int compare(int pos, int n,const string &s,int pos2,int n2)const;//比较当前字符串从pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串与s中pos2开始的n2个字符组成的字符串的大小
int compare(const char *s) const;
int compare(int pos, int n,const char *s) const;
int compare(int pos, int n,const char *s, int pos2) const;
compare函数在>时返回1,<时返回-1,==时返回0
string的子串:
string substr(int pos = 0,int n = npos) const;//返回pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串
string的交换:
void swap(string &s2); //交换当前字符串与s2的值
string类的查找函数:
int find(char c, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符c在当前字符串的位置
int find(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s在当前串中的位置
int find(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s中前n个字符在当前串中的位置
int find(const string &s, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s在当前串中的位置
//查找成功时返回所在位置,失败返回string::npos的值
int rfind(char c, int pos = npos) const;//从pos开始从后向前查找字符c在当前串中的位置
int rfind(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int rfind(const char *s, int pos, int n = npos) const;
int rfind(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
//从pos开始从后向前查找字符串s中前n个字符组成的字符串在当前串中的位置,成功返回所在位置,失败时返回string::npos的值
int find_first_of(char c, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符c第一次出现的位置
int find_first_of(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_of(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;
int find_first_of(const string &s,int pos = 0) const;
//从pos开始查找当前串中第一个在s的前n个字符组成的数组里的字符的位置。查找失败返回string::npos
int find_first_not_of(char c, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_not_of(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_not_of(const char *s, int pos,int n) const;
int find_first_not_of(const string &s,int pos = 0) const;
//从当前串中查找第一个不在串s中的字符出现的位置,失败返回string::npos
int find_last_of(char c, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const char *s, int pos, int n = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(char c, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;
int find_last_not_of(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
//find_last_of和find_last_not_of与find_first_of和find_first_not_of相似,只不过是从后向前查找
string类的替换函数:
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const char *s);//删除从p0开始的n0个字符,然后在p0处插入串s
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const char *s, int n);//删除p0开始的n0个字符,然后在p0处插入字符串s的前n个字符
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const string &s);//删除从p0开始的n0个字符,然后在p0处插入串s
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const string &s, int pos, int n);//删除p0开始的n0个字符,然后在p0处插入串s中从pos开始的n个字符
string &replace(int p0, int n0,int n, char c);//删除p0开始的n0个字符,然后在p0处插入n个字符c
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const char *s);//把[first0,last0)之间的部分替换为字符串s
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const char *s, int n);//把[first0,last0)之间的部分替换为s的前n个字符
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const string &s);//把[first0,last0)之间的部分替换为串s
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,int n, char c);//把[first0,last0)之间的部分替换为n个字符c
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const_iterator first, const_iterator last);//把[first0,last0)之间的部分替换成[first,last)之间的字符串
string类的插入函数:
string &insert(int p0, const char *s);
string &insert(int p0, const char *s, int n);
string &insert(int p0,const string &s);
string &insert(int p0,const string &s, int pos, int n);
//前4个函数在p0位置插入字符串s中pos开始的前n个字符
string &insert(int p0, int n, char c);//此函数在p0处插入n个字符c
iterator insert(iterator it, char c);//在it处插入字符c,返回插入后迭代器的位置
void insert(iterator it, const_iterator first, const_iterator last);//在it处插入[first,last)之间的字符
void insert(iterator it, int n, char c);//在it处插入n个字符c
string类的删除函数
iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last);//删除[first,last)之间的所有字符,返回删除后迭代器的位置
iterator erase(iterator it);//删除it指向的字符,返回删除后迭代器的位置
string &erase(int pos = 0, int n = npos);//删除pos开始的n个字符,返回修改后的字符串
string类的迭代器处理:
string类提供了向前和向后遍历的迭代器iterator,迭代器提供了访问各个字符的语法,类似于指针操作,迭代器不检查范围。
用string::iterator或string::const_iterator声明迭代器变量,const_iterator不允许改变迭代的内容。常用迭代器函数有:
const_iterator begin()const;
iterator begin(); //返回string的起始位置
const_iterator end()const;
iterator end(); //返回string的最后一个字符后面的位置
const_iterator rbegin()const;
iterator rbegin(); //返回string的最后一个字符的位置
const_iterator rend()const;
iterator rend(); //返回string第一个字符位置的前面
rbegin和rend用于从后向前的迭代访问,通过设置迭代器string::reverse_iterator,string::const_reverse_iterator实现
字符串流处理:
通过定义ostringstream和istringstream变量实现,<sstream>头文件中
例如:
string input("hello,this is a test");
istringstream is(input);
string s1,s2,s3,s4;
is>>s1>>s2>>s3>>s4;//s1="hello,this",s2="is",s3="a",s4="test"
ostringstream os;
os<<s1<<s2<<s3<<s4;
cout<<os.str();
已知类String的原型为:
1.string对象的定义和初始化
- string s1;//默认构造函数,s1为空串
- string s2(s1);//将s2初始化为s1的一个副本
- string s3("value");//将s3初始化为value
- string s4(n,'c');//将s4初始化为字符'c'的n个副本
- string s5(s4,0,3)//从s4中下标为0的字符开始,连续取3个字符构成s5
- string s6 = s5 + "value";//value 接在s5后面,注意+操作符的左右操作数至少有一个是string类型的
- 迭代器创建, 由于可将string看作字符的容器对象,因此可以给string类的构造函数传递两个迭代器,将它们之间的数据复制到心的string对象中。
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("How are you");
- string s2(s1.begin(),s1.end());
- string s3(s1.begin()+4,s1.begin()+7);
- cout<<s1<<endl;
- cout<<s2<<endl;
- cout<<s3<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
2.string 对象的读写
- 通过cin从标准输入中读取,cin忽略开题所有的空白字符,读取字符直至再次遇到空白字符,读取终止。
- 用getline读取整行文本,getline函数接受两个参数:一个输入流对象和一个string对象。getline函数从输入流的下一行读取,并保存读取的内容到string中,但不包括换行符。和输入操作符不一样的是,getline并不忽略开头的换行符。即便它是输入的第一个字符,getline也将停止读入并返回。如果第一个字符就是换行符,则string参数将被置为空string。
3.string对象的插入操作
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("do");
- cout<<"Initial size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl;
- s1.insert(0,"How ");
- s1.append(" you");
- s1 = s1 + " do ?";
- cout<<"Final size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl;
- cout<<s1<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
- insert函数,第一个参数表明插入源串的位置,第二个参数表面要插入的字符串,因此利用该函数可以实现串首、串尾及任意位置处的字符串插入功能。
- append函数,仅有一个输入参数,在源字符串尾部追加该字符串。
- 利用+实现字符串的连接,从而创建新的字符串。
4.替换操作
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("I love you forever !");
- cout<<"替换前:"<<s1<<endl;
- s1.replace(7,3,"dachun");
- cout<<"替换后"<<s1<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
5.查询操作
- string::npos:这是string类中的一个成员变量,一般应用在判断系统查询函数的返回值上,若等于该值,表明没有符合查询条件的结果值。
- find函数:在一个字符串中查找指定的单个字符或字符组。如果找到,就返回首次匹配的开始位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- find_first_of函数:在一个字符串中进行查找,返回值是第一个与指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- find_last_of函数:在一个字符串中进行查找,返回值是最后一个与指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- find_first_not_of函数:在一个字符串中进行查找,返回值是第一个与指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- find_last_not_of函数:在一个字符串中进行查找,返回下标值最大的与指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- rfind函数:对一个串从尾至头查找指定的单个字符或字符组,如果找到,就返回首次匹配的开始位置;如果没有找到匹配的内容,则返回string::npos。一般有两个输入参数,一个是待查询的字符串,一个是查询的起始位置,默认起始位置为0.
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks.");
- int n = s1.find("your");
- cout<<"the first your pos:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find("you",15);
- cout<<"the first you pos begin from 15:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find_first_of("abcde");
- cout<<"find pos when character within abcde:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find_first_of("abcde",3);
- cout<<"find pos when character within abcde from third character:"<<n<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
程序运行结果如下:
6.删除字符操作
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks.");
- s1.erase(s1.begin(),s1.begin()+17);
- cout<<"after erase to s1 is:"<<s1<<endl;
- string s2 = "i love you forever!";
- s2.erase(s2.begin(),s2.end());
- cout<<"after erase to s2 is"<<s2<<endl;
- return 0;
- }