LeetCode 272 Closest Binary Tree Traversal II 解题思路

原题网址：https://leetcode.com/problems...

Given a non-empty binary search tree and a target value, find k values in the BST that are closest to the target.

Note:

Given target value is a floating point.
You may assume k is always valid, that is: k ≤ total nodes.
You are guaranteed to have only one unique set of k values in the BST that are closest to the target.
Follow up:
Assume that the BST is balanced, could you solve it in less than O(n) runtime (where n = total nodes)?

Hint:

Consider implement these two helper functions:

getPredecessor(N), which returns the next smaller node to N.
getSuccessor(N), which returns the next larger node to N.

Try to assume that each node has a parent pointer, it makes the problem much easier.

Without parent pointer we just need to keep track of the path from the root to the current node using a stack.

You would need two stacks to track the path in finding predecessor and successor node separately.

题意：在二叉搜索树当中找到离target最近的K个数。

解题思路：
由于二叉搜索数的inorder中序遍历是有序的，比如例子中的树，中序遍历为[1,2,3,4,5]。我们可以利用这一特性，初始化一个双端队列Deque，用来存放k个数，然后用递归的方式，先走到the most left（也就是例子中的1），不断的向Deque中加入元素，直到元素装满，也就是Deque的size()到k个了，将当前元素与target的距离和队列头部与target的距离进行对比，如果当前元素的距离更小，则用Deque的pollFirst()方法将头部吐出，把当前元素从addLast()加入。

Example:

Input: root = [4,2,5,1,3], target = 3.714286, and k = 2

    4
   / \
  2   5
 / \
1   3

Output: [4,3]

代码如下：

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
    /**
     *直接在中序遍历的过程中完成比较，当遍历到一个节点时，
     如果此时结果数组不到k个，我们直接将此节点值加入res中，
     如果该节点值和目标值的差值的绝对值小于res的首元素和目标值差值的绝对值，
     说明当前值更靠近目标值，则将首元素删除，末尾加上当前节点值，
     反之的话说明当前值比res中所有的值都更偏离目标值，
     由于中序遍历的特性，之后的值会更加的遍历，所以此时直接返回最终结果即可，
     */
    public List<Integer> closestKValues(TreeNode root, double target, int k) {
        Deque<Integer> deque = new ArrayDeque<>();
        inorder(root, target, k, deque);
        List<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>(deque);
        return res;
    }
    private void inorder(TreeNode root, 
                         double target, 
                         int k, 
                         Deque<Integer> deque) {
        if (root == null) return;
        inorder(root.left, target, k, deque);
        if (deque.size() < k) {
            deque.offer(root.val);
        } else if (Math.abs(root.val - target) < Math.abs(deque.peekFirst()-target) ) {
            deque.pollFirst();
            deque.addLast(root.val);
        } 
        inorder(root.right, target, k, deque);
    }
}

还有一种用Stack完成的方式，思路和递归相同，但是iterative的写法，也有必要掌握，必须把控Stack是否为空的情况，当前的node为null，但是stack中仍然有元素，依然需要进行比较。

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
    public List<Integer> closestKValues(TreeNode root, double target, int k) {
        Deque<Integer> deque = new ArrayDeque<>();
        Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        TreeNode cur = root;
        while(cur != null || !stack.isEmpty()) {
            while(cur != null) {
                stack.push(cur);
                cur = cur.left;
            }
            cur = stack.pop();
            if (deque.size() < k) {
                deque.addLast(cur.val);
            } else if (Math.abs(cur.val - target) < Math.abs(deque.peekFirst() - target)) {
                deque.pollFirst();
                deque.addLast(cur.val);
            }
            cur = cur.right;
        }
        List<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>(deque);
        return res;
    }
    
}