[root@szm Desktop]# locate --help

Usage: locate [OPTION]... [PATTERN]...
Search for entries in a mlocate database.
 
  -b, --basename         match only the base name of path names
  -c, --count            only print number of found entries
  -d, --database DBPATH  use DBPATH instead of default database (which is
                         /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db)
  -e, --existing         only print entries for currently existing files
  -L, --follow           follow trailing symbolic links when checking file
                         existence (default)
  -h, --help             print this help
  -i, --ignore-case      ignore case distinctions when matching patterns
  -l, --limit, -n LIMIT  limit output (or counting) to LIMIT entries
  -m, --mmap             ignored, for backward compatibility
  -P, --nofollow, -H     don't follow trailing symbolic links when checking file
                         existence
  -0, --null             separate entries with NUL on output
  -S, --statistics       don't search for entries, print statistics about each
                         used database
  -q, --quiet            report no error messages about reading databases
  - r, --regexp REGEXP    search for basic regexp REGEXP instead of patterns
      --regex            patterns are extended regexps
  -s, --stdio            ignored, for backward compatibility
  -V, --version          print version information
  -w, --wholename        match whole path name (default)
 
Report bugs to mitr@redhat.com.
===================================================================================
[root@szm Desktop]# find --help
Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]
 
default path is the current directory; default expression is -print
expression may consist of: operators, options, tests, and actions:
 
operators (decreasing precedence; -and is implicit where no others are given):
      ( EXPR )   ! EXPR   -not EXPR   EXPR1 -a EXPR2   EXPR1 -and EXPR2
      EXPR1 -o EXPR2   EXPR1 -or EXPR2   EXPR1 , EXPR2
 
positional options (always true): -daystart -follow -regextype
 
normal options (always true, specified before other expressions):
      -depth --help -maxdepth LEVELS -mindepth LEVELS -mount -noleaf
      --version -xdev -ignore_readdir_race -noignore_readdir_race
 
tests (N can be +N or -N or N): -amin N -anewer FILE -atime N -cmin N
      -cnewer FILE -ctime N -empty -false -fstype TYPE -gid N -group NAME
      -ilname PATTERN -iname PATTERN -inum N -iwholename PATTERN -iregex PATTERN
      -links N -lname PATTERN -mmin N - mtime N -name PATTERN -newer FILE
      -nouser -nogroup -path PATTERN -perm [+-]MODE -regex PATTERN
      -readable -writable -executable
      -wholename PATTERN -size N[bcwkM G] -true -type [bcdpflsD] -uid N
      -used N -user NAME -xtype [bcdpfls]
      -context CONTEXT
 
 
actions: -delete -print0 -printf FORMAT -fprintf FILE FORMAT -print 
      -fprint0 FILE -fprint FILE -ls -fls FILE -prune -quit
      -exec COMMAND ; -exec COMMAND {} + -ok COMMAND ;
      -execdir COMMAND ; -execdir COMMAND {} + -okdir COMMAND ;
 
Report (and track progress on fixing) bugs via the findutils bug-reporting
page at http://savannah.gnu.org/ or, if you have no web access, by sending
email to <bug-findutils@gnu.org>.
[root@szm Desktop]# find / -nogroup -----------------账号删除后的文件
[root@szm Desktop]# find / -nouser ------------------组账号删除后的文件
[root@szm Desktop]# find -type f -----常规文件（f）目录文件（d）块设备文件(b)
                                     软链接文件（l）字符串文件（c）管道文件（p）
                                     堆栈类型文件（s）
[root@szm Desktop]# find -atime -1 --------------时间小于一天
[root@szm Desktop]# stat VirtualBox-2.2.0_45846_fedora10-1.i386.rpm ------文件信息查看 
  File: `VirtualBox-2.2.0_45846_fedora10-1.i386.rpm'
  Size: 798720     Blocks: 1560       IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 399302      Links: 1
Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--)  Uid: (  500/     szm)   Gid: (  500/     szm)
Access: 2013-03-06 10:38:55.187119239 +0800
Modify: 2013-01-30 17:37:59.298571000 +0800
Change: 2013-01-30 17:37:59.414528206 +0800
注意：1）以天为单位进行搜索：atime ctime mtime
      2）以分为单位进行搜索：amin  cmin  mmin
      3）加减号的用法
[root@szm Desktop]# find -perm 777
[root@szm Desktop]# find / -size +100M -exec ll {} \;
----------------------------------注意区别OK与exec(前者要用户干预后者不用)
========================================================================================
VIM：A、I、O、o、i、r、R、a（大写为行，小写为字符）
执行命令：! ls
加入密码：:X(注意要保存退出)
如何解密：vim -x filename
清除密码：set key=***(注意要保存退出)
行首：:0或者G、1G、2G
行尾：:$
单词：wb
段落：()
句子：{}
剪切：cc
删除：dd
复制：yy
粘贴：P/p
还原：U/u
追加文件：:r /etc/passwd
查找跳转：N/n
替换：:1,10s/bash/szmbash/gi       %s/bash/szmbash/gi---------gi为不要用户干预
块模式：Ctrl+v
多窗口排版：vim -o file1 file2
多窗口切换：Ctrl+w+向上/向下/向左/向右
退出所有窗口：:qall
查看所有的VIM环境变量：:set all
[root@szm Desktop]# vi /root/.viminfo -------------------相当于History
[root@szm Desktop]# vi /root/.vimrc ---------------------VIM启动环境配置，etc下也有一个
      1 set hlsearch
      2 set number
      3 set autoindent
      4 set showmode
      5 set bg=dark
      6 set syntax=ON
      7 set autowrite
      8 set list
[root@szm Desktop]# vimtutor --------------------------Vim帮助
[root@szm Desktop]# grep -i uid /etc/login.defs ------红帽定义为60000,Linux最大为2的32
# Min/max values for automatic uid selection in useradd
UID_MIN  500
UID_MAX 60000
 ====================================================================================
[root@szm Desktop]# man 5 shadow -----------------------shadow文件解析
login name
encrypted password
date of last password change
minimum password age
maximum password age
password warning period
password inactivity period
account expiration date
reserved field
[root@szm Desktop]# echo $(($(date --date="2010/07/24" +%s)/86400 )) ------数字计算方式
 
[root@szm Desktop]# man 5 group --------------group文件解析
 
[root@szm Desktop]# system-config-users &
 
 ====================================================================================、 [root@szm Desktop]# useradd --help
Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN
 
Options:
  -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR       base directory for the home directory of the
                                new account
  -c, --comment COMMENT         GECOS field of the new account----注释信息
  -d, --home-dir HOME_DIR       home directory of the new account
  -D, --defaults                print or change default useradd configuration
  -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE  expiration date of the new account--过期时间
  -f, --inactive INACTIVE       password inactivity period of the new account---失效时间
  -g, --gid GROUP               name or ID of the primary group of the new
                                account
  -G, --groups GROUPS           list of supplementary groups of the new
                                account
  -h, --help                    display this help message and exit
  -k, --skel SKEL_DIR           use this alternative skeleton directory
  -K, --key KEY=VALUE           override /etc/login.defs defaults
  -l, --no-log-init             do not add the user to the lastlog and
                                faillog databases
  -m, --create-home             create the user's home directory
  -M, --no-create-home          do not create the user's home directory
  -N, --no-user-group           do not create a group with the same name as
                                the user
  -o, --non-unique              allow to create users with duplicate
                                (non-unique) UID
  -p, --password PASSWORD       encrypted password of the new account
  -r, --system                  create a system account
  -s, --shell SHELL             login shell of the new account
  -u, --uid UID                 user ID of the new account
  -U, --user-group              create a group with the same name as the user
  -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER     use a specific SEUSER for the SELinux user mapping
 
[1]+  Done                    system-config-users
[root@szm Desktop]# usermod --help
Usage: usermod [options] LOGIN
 
Options:
  -c, --comment COMMENT         new value of the GECOS field
  -d, --home HOME_DIR           new home directory for the user account
  -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE  set account expiration date to EXPIRE_DATE
  -f, --inactive INACTIVE       set password inactive after expiration
                                to INACTIVE
  -g, --gid GROUP               force use GROUP as new primary group----私有组
  -G, --groups GROUPS           new list of supplementary GROUPS--------公有组
  -a, --append                  append the user to the supplemental GROUPS
                                mentioned by the -G option without removing
                                him/her from other groups
  -h, --help                    display this help message and exit
  -l, --login NEW_LOGIN         new value of the login name
  -L, --lock                    lock the user account
  -m, --move-home               move contents of the home directory to the
                                new location (use only with -d)
  -o, --non-unique              allow using duplicate (non-unique) UID
  -p, --password PASSWORD       use encrypted password for the new password
  -s, --shell SHELL             new login shell for the user account
  -u, --uid UID                 new UID for the user account
  -U, --unlock                  unlock the user account
  -Z, --selinux-user            new SELinux user mapping for the user account
[root@szm Desktop]# userdel --help
Usage: userdel [options] LOGIN
 
Options:
  -f, --force                   force removal of files,
                                even if not owned by user
  -h, --help                    display this help message and exit
  -r, --remove                  remove home directory and mail spool
  -Z, --selinux-user            remove SELinux user from SELinux user mapping

添加用户默认动作：

1）[root@szm Desktop]# cat /etc/login.defs 
2）[root@szm Desktop]# cat /etc/default/useradd 
# useradd defaults file
GROUP=100 ------------------看/etc/login.defs的
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=-1 ----------------密码永不过期、0代表密码过期后失效
EXPIRE= --------------------失效日期
SHELL=/bin/bash
SKEL=/etc/skel -------------默认配置文件
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
 
2）[root@szm Desktop]# useradd -D
GROUP=100
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=-1
EXPIRE=
SHELL=/bin/bash
SKEL=/etc/skel
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
 
[root@szm Desktop]# cat /etc/login.defs | grep -v '#'
 
MAIL_DIR /var/spool/mail
 
PASS_MAX_DAYS 99999
PASS_MIN_DAYS 0
PASS_MIN_LEN 5 -----------被pam相关模块取代了
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
 
UID_MIN  500
UID_MAX 60000
 
GID_MIN  500
GID_MAX 60000
 
 
CREATE_HOME yes
 
UMASK           077
 
USERGROUPS_ENAB yes -------------------------组内无成员，删除组
 
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512 
[root@szm Desktop]# passwd --help
Usage: passwd [OPTION...] <accountName>
  -k, --keep-tokens       keep non-expired authentication tokens
  -d, --delete            delete the password for the named account (root only)
  -l, --lock              lock the password for the named account (root only)
  -u, --unlock            unlock the password for the named account (root only)
  -e, --expire            expire the password for the named account (root only)
  -f, --force             force operation
  -x, --maximum=DAYS      maximum password lifetime (root only)
  -n, --minimum=DAYS      minimum password lifetime (root only)
  -w, --warning=DAYS      number of days warning users receives before password expiration (root only)
  -i, --inactive=DAYS     number of days after password expiration when an account becomes disabled (root only)
  -S, --status            report password status on the named account (root only)
  --stdin                 read new tokens from stdin (root only)
 
Help options:
  -?, --help              Show this help message
  --usage                 Display brief usage message
 [root@szm Desktop]# passwd -S szm
szm NP 2013-03-06 0 99999 7 -1 (Empty password.)
[root@szm Desktop]# groupadd --help
Usage: groupadd [options] GROUP
 
Options:
  -f, --force                   exit successfully if the group already exists,
                                and cancel -g if the GID is already used
                                强制作用已存在组名称
  -g, --gid GID                 use GID for the new group
  -h, --help                    display this help message and exit
  -K, --key KEY=VALUE           override /etc/login.defs defaults
  -o, --non-unique              allow to create groups with duplicate
                                (non-unique) GID
  -p, --password PASSWORD       use this encrypted password for the new group
  -r, --system                  create a system account
[root@szm Desktop]# groupmod --help
Usage: groupmod [options] GROUP
 
Options:
  -g, --gid GID                 change the group ID to GID
  -h, --help                    display this help message and exit
  -n, --new-name NEW_GROUP      change the name to NEW_GROUP
  -o, --non-unique              allow to use a duplicate (non-unique) GID
  -p, --password PASSWORD       change the password to this (encrypted)
                                PASSWORD
[root@szm Desktop]# gpasswd --help
gpasswd: unrecognized option '--help'
Usage: gpasswd [option] GROUP
 
Options:
  -a, --add USER                add USER to GROUP----向组中添加用户f
  -d, --delete USER             remove USER from GROUP
  -r, --remove-password         remove the GROUP's password
  -R, --restrict                restrict access to GROUP to its members
  -M, --members USER,...        set the list of members of GROUP
  -A, --administrators ADMIN,...
                                set the list of administrators for GROUP
Except for the -A and -M options, the options cannot be combined.
 
 
 [root@szm Desktop]# w --help
w: invalid option -- '-'
usage: w -hlsufV [user]
    -h    skip header
    -l    long listing (default)
    -s    short listing
    -u    ignore uid of processes
    -f    toggle FROM field (default on)
    -V    display version
[root@szm Desktop]# who --help
Usage: who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]
Print information about users who are currently logged in.
 
  -a, --all         same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u
  -b, --boot        time of last system boot
  -d, --dead        print dead processes
  -H, --heading     print line of column headings
  -l, --login       print system login processes
      --lookup      attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS
  -m                only hostname and user associated with stdin
  -p, --process     print active processes spawned by init
  -q, --count       all login names and number of users logged on
  -r, --runlevel    print current runlevel
  -s, --short       print only name, line, and time (default)
  -t, --time        print last system clock change
  -T, -w, --mesg    add user's message status as +, - or ?
  -u, --users       list users logged in
      --message     same as -T
      --writable    same as -T
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit
 
If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp.  /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common.
If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual.
 
Report who bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'who invocation'
 
[root@szm Desktop]# id --help
Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME,
or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user.
 
  -a              ignore, for compatibility with other versions
  -Z, --context   print only the security context of the current user
  -g, --group     print only the effective group ID
  -G, --groups    print all group IDs
  -n, --name      print a name instead of a number, for -ugG
  -r, --real      print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG
  -u, --user      print only the effective user ID
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit
 
Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information.
 
Report id bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'id invocation'
 

 [root@szm Desktop]# yum install finger-------------------安装finger

 

[root@szm Desktop]# finger -l szm

Login: szm             Name: szm

Directory: /home/szm                 Shell: /bin/bash

On since Tue Mar  5 22:26 (CST) on tty1 from :0

    18 hours 29 minutes idle

On since Tue Mar  5 22:26 (CST) on pts/0 from :0.0

No mail.

No Plan.

 

Login: ipq             Name: szm

Directory: /home/ipq                 Shell: /bin/bash

Never logged in.

No mail.

No Plan.

[root@szm Desktop]# su --help
Usage: su [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...]
Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER.
 
  -, -l, --login               make the shell a login shell
  -c, --command=COMMAND        pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c
  --session-command=COMMAND    pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c
                               and do not create a new session
  -f, --fast                   pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh)
  -m, --preserve-environment   do not reset environment variables
  -p                           same as -m
  -s, --shell=SHELL            run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit
 
A mere - implies -l.   If USER not given, assume root.
 
Report su bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'su invocation'
[root@szm Desktop]# visudo ---------------vi权限分配