Hystrix降级技术解析-Fallback

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-10 22:19:43 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-04-10 22:19:43 发布

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文章标签：数据库 python java

原文链接：https://my.oschina.net/wangxindong/blog/1518994

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2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>>

一、降级

所谓降级，就是指在在Hystrix执行非核心链路功能失败的情况下，我们如何处理，比如我们返回默认值等。如果我们要回退或者降级处理，代码上需要实现HystrixCommand.getFallback()方法或者是HystrixObservableCommand. HystrixObservableCommand()。

public class CommandHelloFailure extends HystrixCommand<String> {

    private final String name;

    public CommandHelloFailure(String name) {
        super(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("ExampleGroup"));
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    protected String run() {
        throw new RuntimeException("this command always fails");
    }

    @Override
    protected String getFallback() {
        return "Hello Failure " + name + "!";
    }
}

二、Hystrix的降级回退方式

Hystrix一共有如下几种降级回退模式：

1、Fail Fast 快速失败

 @Override
    protected String run() {
        if (throwException) {
            throw new RuntimeException("failure from CommandThatFailsFast");
        } else {
            return "success";
        }
    }

如果我们实现的是HystrixObservableCommand.java则重写 resumeWithFallback方法

@Override
    protected Observable<String> resumeWithFallback() {
        if (throwException) {
            return Observable.error(new Throwable("failure from CommandThatFailsFast"));
        } else {
            return Observable.just("success");
        }
    }

2、Fail Silent 无声失败

返回null，空Map，空List

fail silent.png

@Override
    protected String getFallback() {
        return null;
    }
@Override
    protected List<String> getFallback() {
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }
@Override
    protected Observable<String> resumeWithFallback() {
        return Observable.empty();
    }

3、Fallback: Static 返回默认值

回退的时候返回静态嵌入代码中的默认值，这样就不会导致功能以Fail Silent的方式被清楚，也就是用户看不到任何功能了。而是按照一个默认的方式显示。

@Override
    protected Boolean getFallback() {
        return true;
    }
@Override
    protected Observable<Boolean> resumeWithFallback() {
        return Observable.just( true );
    }

4、Fallback: Stubbed 自己组装一个值返回

当我们执行返回的结果是一个包含多个字段的对象时，则会以Stubbed 的方式回退。Stubbed 值我们建议在实例化Command的时候就设置好一个值。以countryCodeFromGeoLookup为例，countryCodeFromGeoLookup的值，是在我们调用的时候就注册进来初始化好的。CommandWithStubbedFallback command = new CommandWithStubbedFallback(1234, "china");主要代码如下：

public class CommandWithStubbedFallback extends HystrixCommand<UserAccount> {

protected CommandWithStubbedFallback(int customerId, String countryCodeFromGeoLookup) {
        super(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("ExampleGroup"));
        this.customerId = customerId;
        this.countryCodeFromGeoLookup = countryCodeFromGeoLookup;
    }
    @Override
    protected UserAccount getFallback() {
        /**
         * Return stubbed fallback with some static defaults, placeholders,
         * and an injected value 'countryCodeFromGeoLookup' that we'll use
         * instead of what we would have retrieved from the remote service.
         */
        return new UserAccount(customerId, "Unknown Name",
                countryCodeFromGeoLookup, true, true, false);
    }

5、Fallback: Cache via Network 利用远程缓存

通过远程缓存的方式。在失败的情况下再发起一次remote请求，不过这次请求的是一个缓存比如redis。由于是又发起一起远程调用，所以会重新封装一次Command，这个时候要注意，执行fallback的线程一定要跟主线程区分开，也就是重新命名一个ThreadPoolKey。

Cache via Network.png

public class CommandWithFallbackViaNetwork extends HystrixCommand<String> {
    private final int id;

    protected CommandWithFallbackViaNetwork(int id) {
        super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("RemoteServiceX"))
                .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("GetValueCommand")));
        this.id = id;
    }

    @Override
    protected String run() {
        //        RemoteServiceXClient.getValue(id);
        throw new RuntimeException("force failure for example");
    }

    @Override
    protected String getFallback() {
        return new FallbackViaNetwork(id).execute();
    }

    private static class FallbackViaNetwork extends HystrixCommand<String> {
        private final int id;

        public FallbackViaNetwork(int id) {
            super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("RemoteServiceX"))
                    .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("GetValueFallbackCommand"))
                    // use a different threadpool for the fallback command
                    // so saturating the RemoteServiceX pool won't prevent
                    // fallbacks from executing
                    .andThreadPoolKey(HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey("RemoteServiceXFallback")));
            this.id = id;
        }

        @Override
        protected String run() {
            MemCacheClient.getValue(id);
        }

        @Override
        protected String getFallback() {
            // the fallback also failed
            // so this fallback-of-a-fallback will 
            // fail silently and return null
            return null;
        }
    }
}

6、Primary + Secondary with Fallback 主次方式回退（主要和次要）

这个有点类似我们日常开发中需要上线一个新功能，但为了防止新功能上线失败可以回退到老的代码，我们会做一个开关比如使用zookeeper做一个配置开关，可以动态切换到老代码功能。那么Hystrix它是使用通过一个配置来在两个command中进行切换。

Primary + Secondary with Fallback.png

/**
 * Sample {@link HystrixCommand} pattern using a semaphore-isolated command
 * that conditionally invokes thread-isolated commands.
 */
public class CommandFacadeWithPrimarySecondary extends HystrixCommand<String> {

    private final static DynamicBooleanProperty usePrimary = DynamicPropertyFactory.getInstance().getBooleanProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", true);

    private final int id;

    public CommandFacadeWithPrimarySecondary(int id) {
        super(Setter
                .withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("SystemX"))
                .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("PrimarySecondaryCommand"))
                .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(
                        // we want to default to semaphore-isolation since this wraps
                        // 2 others commands that are already thread isolated
                        // 采用信号量的隔离方式
                        HystrixCommandProperties.Setter()
                                .withExecutionIsolationStrategy(ExecutionIsolationStrategy.SEMAPHORE)));
        this.id = id;
    }

    //通过DynamicPropertyFactory来路由到不同的command
    @Override
    protected String run() {
        if (usePrimary.get()) {
            return new PrimaryCommand(id).execute();
        } else {
            return new SecondaryCommand(id).execute();
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected String getFallback() {
        return "static-fallback-" + id;
    }

    @Override
    protected String getCacheKey() {
        return String.valueOf(id);
    }

    private static class PrimaryCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> {

        private final int id;

        private PrimaryCommand(int id) {
            super(Setter
                    .withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("SystemX"))
                    .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("PrimaryCommand"))
                    .andThreadPoolKey(HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey("PrimaryCommand"))
                    .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(
                            // we default to a 600ms timeout for primary
                            HystrixCommandProperties.Setter().withExecutionTimeoutInMilliseconds(600)));
            this.id = id;
        }

        @Override
        protected String run() {
            // perform expensive 'primary' service call
            return "responseFromPrimary-" + id;
        }

    }

    private static class SecondaryCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> {

        private final int id;

        private SecondaryCommand(int id) {
            super(Setter
                    .withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("SystemX"))
                    .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("SecondaryCommand"))
                    .andThreadPoolKey(HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey("SecondaryCommand"))
                    .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(
                            // we default to a 100ms timeout for secondary
                            HystrixCommandProperties.Setter().withExecutionTimeoutInMilliseconds(100)));
            this.id = id;
        }

        @Override
        protected String run() {
            // perform fast 'secondary' service call
            return "responseFromSecondary-" + id;
        }

    }

    public static class UnitTest {

        @Test
        public void testPrimary() {
            HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
            try {
                //将属性"primarySecondary.usePrimary"设置为true，则走PrimaryCommand；设置为false，则走SecondaryCommand
                ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().setProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", true);
                assertEquals("responseFromPrimary-20", new CommandFacadeWithPrimarySecondary(20).execute());
            } finally {
                context.shutdown();
                ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().clear();
            }
        }

        @Test
        public void testSecondary() {
            HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
            try {
                //将属性"primarySecondary.usePrimary"设置为true，则走PrimaryCommand；设置为false，则走SecondaryCommand
                ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().setProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", false);
                assertEquals("responseFromSecondary-20", new CommandFacadeWithPrimarySecondary(20).execute());
            } finally {
                context.shutdown();
                ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().clear();
            }
        }
    }
}

三、总结

降级的处理方式，返回默认值，返回缓存里面的值（包括远程缓存比如redis和本地缓存比如jvmcache）。
但回退的处理方式也有不适合的场景：
1、写操作
2、批处理
3、计算
以上几种情况如果失败，则程序就要将错误返回给调用者。

转载请注明出处，并附上链接https://my.oschina.net/wangxindong/blog/1518994
参考资料：https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/wangxindong/blog/1518994