概述
只要是配置了正确的文件类型和压缩类型(比如Textfile+Gzip、SequenceFile+Snappy等),Hive都可以按预期读取并解析数据,提供SQL功能。
SequenceFile本身的结构已经设计了内容进行压缩。所以对于SequenceFile文件的压缩,并不是先生成SequenceFile文件,再对文件进行压缩。而是生成SequenceFile文件时,对其中的内容字段进行压缩。最终压缩后,对外仍体现为一个SequenceFile。
RCFile、ORCFile、Parquet、Avro对于压缩的处理方式与SequenceFile相同。
文件格式
- Textfile
- SequenceFile
- RCFile
- ORCFile
- Parquet
- Avro
压缩算法的编解码器
序号 | 压缩格式 | 算法 | 多文件 | 可分割性 | 工具 | 工具压缩后扩展名 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DEFLATE | DEFLATE | 不 | 不 | 无 | .deflate |
2 | Gzip | DEFLATE | 不 | 不 | gzip | .gz |
3 | bzip2 | bzip2 | 不 | 是 | bzip2 | .bz2 |
4 | LZO | LZO | 不 | 不 | lzop | .lzo |
5 | LZ4 | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
6 | Snappy | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
7 | ZLIB | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
8 | ZIP | DEFLATE | 是 | 是,在文件范围内 | zip | .zip |
TEXTFILE
文本文件,非压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | --创建一个表,格式为文本文件: CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE student_text (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --导入数据到此表中,将启动MR任务 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text SELECT * FROM student; |
可查看到生成的数据文件的格式为非压缩的文本文件:
hdfs dfs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/student_text/000000_0
1001810081,cheyo
1001810082,pku
1001810083,rocky
1001810084,stephen
2002820081,sql
2002820082,hello
2002820083,hijj
3001810081,hhhhhhh
3001810082,abbbbbb
文本文件,DEFLATE压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建一个表,格式为文件文件: CREATE TABLE student_text_def (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.DefaultCodec; --导入数据: INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_def SELECT * FROM student; --查看数据 SELECT * FROM student_text_def; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.deflate文件。
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000000_0.deflate
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000001_0.deflate
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000002_0.deflate
文本文件,Gzip压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建一个表,格式为文件文件: CREATE TABLE student_text_gzip (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec; --导入数据: INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_gzip SELECT * FROM student; --查看数据 SELECT * FROM student_text_gzip; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.gz文件。解开.gz文件,可以看到明文文本:
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000000_0.gz
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000001_0.gz
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000002_0.gz
文本文件,Bzip2压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建一个表,格式为文件文件: CREATE TABLE student_text_bzip2 (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置压缩类型为Bzip2压缩: SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.BZip2Codec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_bzip2 SELECT * FROM student; --查看数据: SELECT * FROM student_text_bzip2; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.bz2文件。解开.bz2文件,可以看到明文文本:
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000000_0.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000001_0.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000002_0.bz2
文本文件,lzo压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_text_lzo (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置为LZO压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=com.hadoop.compression.lzo.LzopCodec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_lzo SELECT * FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_text_lzo; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.lzo压缩。解开.lzo文件,可以看到明文文本。
未实测,需要安装lzop库
文本文件,lz4压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_text_lz4 (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置为LZ4压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.Lz4Codec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_lz4 SELECT * FROM student; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.lz4压缩。使用cat查看.lz4文件,可以看到是压缩后的文本。
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000000_0.lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000001_0.lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000002_0.lz4
文本文件,Snappy压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_text_snappy (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS TEXTFILE; --设置压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.compress.map.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_snappy SELECT * FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_text_snappy; |
查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.snappy压缩文件。使用cat查看.snappy文件,可以看到是压缩后的文本:
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy
Found 3 items
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000000_0.snappy
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000001_0.snappy
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000002_0.snappy
SEQUENCEFILE
Sequence文件,DEFLATE压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建一个表,格式为文件文件: CREATE TABLE student_seq_def (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS SEQUENCEFILE; --设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.DefaultCodec; --导入数据: INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_seq_def SELECT * FROM student; --查看数据 SELECT * FROM student_seq_def; |
查看数据文件,是一个密文的文件.
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_def/
-rw-r--r-- /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_def/000000_0
Sequence文件,Gzip压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | --创建一个表,格式为文件文件: CREATE TABLE student_seq_gzip (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS SEQUENCEFILE; --设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec; --导入数据: INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_seq_gzip SELECT * FROM student; --查看数据 SELECT * FROM student_seq_gzip; |
查看数据文件,是一个密文的文件,无法通过gzip解压:
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_gzip/
-rw-r--r-- /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_gzip/000000_0
RCFILE
RCFILE,Gzip压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | CREATE TABLE student_rcfile_gzip (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS RCFILE; --设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec; --导入数据: INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_rcfile_gzip SELECT id,name FROM student; --查看数据 SELECT * FROM student_rcfile_gzip; |
ORCFile
ORCFile有自己的参数设置压缩格式,一般不使用上述Hive参数设置压缩参数。
参考文档:LanguageManual ORC
ORCFile,ZLIB压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_zlib (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS ORCFILE TBLPROPERTIES ("orc.compress"="ZLIB"); --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_zlib SELECT id,name FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_zlib; |
ORCFILE,Snappy压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy2 (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS ORCFILE TBLPROPERTIES ("orc.compress"="SNAPPY"); --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy2 SELECT id,name FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_snappy2; |
一般不使用下述方式。下述方式压缩后,结果与上述同类型压缩(SNAPPY)不同。具体原因待进一步研究。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS ORCFILE; --设置压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.compress.map.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_snappy; |
Parquet
Parquet,Snappy压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_parquet_snappy (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS PARQUET; --设置压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.compress.map.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_parquet_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_parquet_snappy; |
Avro
Avro,Snappy压缩
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | --创建表 CREATE TABLE student_avro_snappy (id STRING, name STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' STORED AS AVRO; --设置压缩 SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.compress.map.output=true; SET mapred.output.compress=true; SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec; --导入数据 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_avro_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student; --查询数据 SELECT * FROM student_avro_snappy; |