1. <#list books as book> 
  2.         <tr> 
  3.         <td>书名:</td> 
  4.         <td>${book}</td> 
  5.         </tr> 
  6.         </#list> 
 
  
会报错
 
  
 
  
  1. freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: Expression books is undefined on line 9, column 24 in WEB-INF/ftl/showBook.ftl.  
  2.     at freemarker.core.TemplateObject.assertNonNull(TemplateObject.java:125)  
  3.     at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:100)  
  4.     at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:221)  
  5.     at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92)  
  6.     at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:221)  
  7.     at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:199)  
  8.     at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:259)  
  9.     at org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.FreemarkerResult.doExecute(FreemarkerResult.java:201)  
  10.     at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StrutsResultSupport.execute(StrutsResultSupport.java:186)  
  11.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.executeResult(DefaultActionInvocation.java:374)  
  12.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:278)  
  13.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor.intercept(DebuggingInterceptor.java:256)  
  14.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  15.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.doIntercept(DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.java:176)  
  16.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98)  
  17.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  18.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(ValidationInterceptor.java:265)  
  19.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(AnnotationValidationInterceptor.java:68)  
  20.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98)  
  21.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  22.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ConversionErrorInterceptor.intercept(ConversionErrorInterceptor.java:138)  
  23.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  24.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:211)  
  25.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98)  
  26.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  27.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:211)  
  28.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98)  
  29.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  30.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor.intercept(StaticParametersInterceptor.java:190)  
  31.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  32.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor.intercept(MultiselectInterceptor.java:75)  
  33.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  34.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor.intercept(CheckboxInterceptor.java:90)  
  35.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  36.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor.intercept(FileUploadInterceptor.java:243)  
  37.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  38.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ModelDrivenInterceptor.java:100)  
  39.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  40.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.java:141)  
  41.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  42.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor.intercept(ChainingInterceptor.java:145)  
  43.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  44.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor.doIntercept(PrepareInterceptor.java:171)  
  45.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98)  
  46.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  47.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor.intercept(I18nInterceptor.java:176)  
  48.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  49.     at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor.intercept(ServletConfigInterceptor.java:164)  
  50.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  51.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor.intercept(AliasInterceptor.java:192)  
  52.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  53.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor.intercept(ExceptionMappingInterceptor.java:187)  
  54.     at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:249)  
  55.     at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.execute(StrutsActionProxy.java:54)  
  56.     at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:511)  
  57.     at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations.executeAction(ExecuteOperations.java:77)  
  58.     at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:91)  
  59.     at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:235)  
  60.     at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:206)  
  61.     at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:233)  
  62.     at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:191)  
  63.     at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:127)  
  64.     at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)  
  65.     at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:109)  
  66.     at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:298)  
  67.     at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.process(Http11Processor.java:857)  
  68.     at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol$Http11ConnectionHandler.process(Http11Protocol.java:588)  
  69.     at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$Worker.run(JIoEndpoint.java:489)  
  70.     at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)  
  71. 2012-11-26 14:11:33 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve invoke 
 
  
解决办法是：因为ftl是不能传入空值的。如果有空值 就会报这个的错误 ：
 
  
只要做一下判断就行了
 
  
<#if books ??>
 
  
</#if>
 
  
代码 如下：
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  1. <#if books ??> 
  2.         <#list books as book> 
  3.         <tr> 
  4.         <td>书名:</td> 
  5.         <td>${book}</td> 
  6.         </tr> 
  7.         </#list> 
  8.         </#if>