使用Dash开发交互式数据可视化网页--页面布局

Dash应用布局

后续的操作前,需要安装如下Python包

pip install dash==0.20.0  # The core dash backend
pip install dash-renderer==0.11.2  # The dash front-end
pip install dash-html-components==0.8.0  # HTML components
pip install dash-core-components==0.18.1  # Supercharged components
pip install plotly --upgrade  # Plotly graphing library used in examples

使用Dash生成HTML

Dash应用包括两个部分，应用布局(layout)和数据交互(interactivity)。其中布局部分用来展示数据以及引导使用者使用。Dash提供了dash_core_components和dash_html_components, 以类的方式对HTML和JS进行封装，便于调用。下面先构建一个最简单的布局

import dash
import dash_core_components as dcc
import dash_html_components as html

app = dash.Dash()

app.layout = html.Div(children=[
    html.H1(children = 'Hello Dash'),
    html.Div(children = '''
        Dash: A web application frameworkd for Python.
        '''),
    dcc.Graph(
        id = 'example-graph',
        figure = {
            'dash':[
                {'x': [1,2,3], 'y':[4,1,2], 'type':'bar', 'name':'SF'},
                {'x': [1,2,3], 'y':[2,4,5], 'type':'bar', 'name':'Montrel'},
                ],
            'layout':{
                'title':'Dash data Visualization'
                }
            }
        )
])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0')

首先用app=dash.Dash()创建了Dash应用的实例，这个实例可以通过app.run_server()运行。

其次这个应用的布局(layout)由html组件(html.Div等)和图形组件(dcc.Graph等)构成。其中基础的html标签来自于dash_html_components，而更加React.js库里的高级组件则是由dash_core_components提供。

最后的展示形式需要后期慢慢的调整， 比如说调整一下字体对齐, 字体颜色和背景颜色等

import dash_core_components as dcc
import dash_html_components as html

app = dash.Dash()

colors = {
        'background':'#111111',
        'text':'#7FDBFF'
}

app.layout = html.Div(style={'backgroundColor':colors['background']},
    children=[
    html.H1(
        children = 'Hello Dash',
        style = {
            'textAlign':'center',
            'color': colors['text']
            }
        ),
    html.Div(children = '''
        Dash: A web application frameworkd for Python.
        ''', style = {
            'textAlign':'center',
            'color': colors['text']
            }
        ),
    dcc.Graph(
        id = 'example-graph',
        figure = {
            'data':[
                {'x': [1,2,3], 'y':[4,1,2], 'type':'bar', 'name':'SF'},
                {'x': [1,2,3], 'y':[2,4,5], 'type':'bar', 'name':'Montreal'},
                ],
            'layout':{
                'plot_bgcolor': colors['background'],
                'paper_bgcolor': colors['background'],
                'font':{
                    'color': colors['text']
                    },
                'title':'Dash data Visualization'
                }
            }
        )
])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0')

这里的html组件都设置了style，用来调整样式，

可视化

dash_core_components库中有一个Graph组件，它利用开源的JavaScript图形库--plotly.js进行交互式数据渲染。Graph里的figure参数等价于plotly.py里的figure参数，即任何plotly.js支持的图形都可以用dash_core_components调用。查看https://plot.ly/python/了解更多plotly.py的图形。

比如说这里可以基于Pandas的数据库创建散点图

import dash
import dash_core_components as dcc
import dash_html_components as html
import plotly.graph_objs as go
import pandas as pd

app = dash.Dash()

df = pd.read_csv(
    'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/chriddyp/' +
    '5d1ea79569ed194d432e56108a04d188/raw/' +
    'a9f9e8076b837d541398e999dcbac2b2826a81f8/'+
    'gdp-life-exp-2007.csv')

plot = [dcc.Graph(
        id = 'life-exp-vs-GDP',
        figure = {
            'data':[
                go.Scatter(
                    x=df[df['continent'] == i]['gdp per capita'],
                    y=df[df['continent'] == i]['life expectancy'],
                    text=df[df['continent'] == i]['country'],
                    mode='markers',
                    opacity=0.7,
                    marker={
                        'size':15,
                        'line':{'width':0.5, 'color':'white'}
                    },
                    name = i
                ) for i in df.continent.unique()
            ],
            'layout': go.Layout(
                xaxis={'type':'log','title':'GDP per Capita'},
                yaxis={'title':'Life Expectancy'},
                margin={'l':40,'b':40,'t':10,'r':10},
                legend={'x':0, 'y':1},
                hovermode='closest'
            )
        }
    )]

app.layout = html.Div(
    html.Div(children=[
        html.Div(className='col-md-4'),
        html.Div(plot,className='col-md-4')],
        className='row'
    )
)

# Append an externally hosted CSS stylesheet
my_css_url = "https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
app.css.append_css({
    "external_url": my_css_url
})

# Append an externally hosted JS bundle
my_js_url = 'https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js'
app.scripts.append_script({
    "external_url": my_js_url
})

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True)

这部分代码将图形部分的代码从html组件中抽离出来，写完之后，再添加到html总体组件中。此外还增加了bootstrap的css样式。

Markdown语法

Dash的dash_html_components支持原生的HTML语句，而dash_core_components得Markdown提供了Markdown得渲染。

import dash
import dash_core_components as dcc
import dash_html_components as html

app = dash.Dash()

markdown_text = '''
### Dash and Markdown

Dash apps can be written in Markdown.
Dash uses the [CommonMark](http://commonmark.org/)
specification of Markdown.
Check out their [60 Second Markdown Tutorial](http://commonmark.org/help/)
if this is your first introduction to Markdown!
'''

app.layout = html.Div([
    dcc.Markdown(children=markdown_text)
])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True)

dash_core_components里不仅仅提供了Markdown, graphs这些图形组件，还支持下拉栏等其他使用工具，可在https://plot.ly/dash/dash-core-components进一步了解

小节

这部分主要是学习了Dash应用得layout. layout是不同组件的层级关系树，最后结果是html页面。html页面的HTML基本语法由dash_html_components提供，而高级的绘图和下拉栏等则是由dash_core_components提供.

参考资料：

• https://plot.ly/dash/getting-started
• https://plot.ly/dash/dash-core-components
• https://plot.ly/dash/dash-html-components