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对ArrayList这样的可使用下标进行随机访问的数据结构,使用下标访问,要比foreach的方式进行顺序访问,速度要快一些。foreach这样写法,使用的过程产生一个额外的对象Enumerator,而且每次访问需要更多的操作,降低性能。下面的两种写法编译出的代码是一样的:
第一种写法:
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第二种写法:
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对比这两种写法,第一种写法非常罗嗦,所以C#引入了foreach的语法。通过观察第一种写法,foreach是通过GetEnumerator获得一个IEnumerator对象,通过IEnumerator对象执行MoveNext()方法和获取Current属性进行遍历的。
我们再通过Reflector工具,查看mscorlib.dll中System.Collection.ArrayList的实现:
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通过上述代码可以看到,ArrayList是通过_version成员变量作版本标识的,每次执行Add、Clear等修改ArrayList内容的操作,都会将版本号加1,而每次调用GetEnumerator方法,都会构造一个FastArrayListEnumerator或者ArrayListEnumeratorSimple对象。我们再看FastArrayListEnumerator的实现:
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FastArrayListEnumerator对象构建时,当时时ArrayList的版本号。当执行MoveNext()操作时,检查ArrayList当前的版本号是否和FastArrayListEnumerator对象构建时的版本号一致,如果不一致就会抛出异常。
由于Enumerator中,做了版本检查处理的工作,所以使用foreach是线程安全,而使用for则不时。为什么呢?如果在使用foreach遍历对象的过程中,其他线程修改了List的内容,例如添加或者删除,就会出现不可知的错误,而使用foreach则能够正确抛出错误信息。
综上所述,结论如下:
使用for,更高效率。
使用foreach,更安全。
那么如何选择呢?我的建议是,在一些全局的,多线程可以访问的数据结构对象,使用foreach。而对本地变量,则使用for,效率和安全兼顾!例如:
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以上建议,对于在Java环境下也使用,我阅读过JDK 1.4的java.util.ArrayList的实现,.NET Framework的实现和JDK的实现,几乎是一样的,是否抄袭,见仁见智。上述的C#代码在Java环境中应为:
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注意,以上代码并不是做该项工作的最优算法,如果需要更高的效率,修改如下:
C#版本
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Java版本:
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