python内置库有哪些_Python3内置库之 collections

@[TOC]

#  collections

计数器(counter)以字典的形式返回序列中各个字符出现的次数，值为key，次数为value

Counter是对字典类型的补充，用于追踪值得出现次数 ps:具备字典的所有功能 + 自己的功能

```python

import collections

counter_test = collections.Counter("asfafjhadgkhjkgfjhgfjhaghdg")

print(counter_test)

```

Counter({'h': 5, 'g': 5, 'a': 4, 'f': 4, 'j': 4, 'd': 2, 'k': 2, 's': 1})

数量从大到小排列，获取前N个元素

```python

# most_common(N)数量从大到小排列，获取前N个元素

counter_test.most_common(3)

```

[('h', 5), ('g', 5), ('a', 4)]

列出所有不同的元素并排序

```python

# sorted()列出所有不同的元素并排序

sorted(counter_test)

```

['a', 'd', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'j', 'k', 's']

转换成字符串

```python

# 转换成字符串

''.join(sorted(counter_test.elements()))

```

'aaaaddffffggggghhhhhjjjjkks'

```python

# 取得元素重复次数的值

counter_test['a']

```

4

update()更新计数器

```python

# update()更新计数器，其实就是增加；如果原来没有，则新建，如果有则加一

d = collections.Counter('simsalabim')

counter_test.update(d)

print(counter_test)

```

Counter({'a': 6, 'h': 5, 'g': 5, 'f': 4, 'j': 4, 's': 3, 'd': 2, 'k': 2, 'i': 2, 'm': 2, 'l': 1, 'b': 1})

```python

# elements()取得计数器中的所有元素，注：此处非所有元素集合，而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器

counter_test = collections.Counter('abcabc')

sorted(counter_test.elements())

```

['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c']

```python

# subtract()相减，原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量

counter_test = collections.Counter('which')

print(counter_test)

counter_test.subtract('watch')

print(counter_test)

```

Counter({'h': 2, 'w': 1, 'i': 1, 'c': 1})

Counter({'h': 1, 'i': 1, 'w': 0, 'c': 0, 'a': -1, 't': -1})

# 有序字典(orderedDict)

```python

from collections import OrderedDict

dic = OrderedDict()

dic['k1'] = 'v1'

dic['k2'] = 'v2'

dic['k3'] = 'v3'

print(dic)

```

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

```python

# 得字典所有的键

print(dic.keys())

```

odict_keys(['k1', 'k2', 'k3'])

```python

# 取得字典所有值

print(dic.values())

```

odict_values(['v1', 'v2', 'v3'])

```python

# items() 方法以列表返回可遍历的(键, 值) 元组数组

print(dic.items())

```

odict_items([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

```python

#pop()方法，删除指定的键值

dic.pop('k1')

print(dic)

```

OrderedDict([('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

```python

#item()方法，默认删除字典最后一个元素

dic.popitem()

print(dic)

```

OrderedDict([('k2', 'v2')])

```python

# move_to_end('k')方法将指定键值一道最后

dic.move_to_end('k2')

print(dic)

```

OrderedDict([('k2', 'v2')])

```python

# update()更新字典

dic.update({'k1':'v1111','k10':'v10'})

print(dic)

```

OrderedDict([('k2', 'v2'), ('k1', 'v1111'), ('k10', 'v10')])

#  默认字典(defaultdict)

```python

#导入collections模块

import collections

my_dict = collections.defaultdict(list)

my_dict['k1'].append('v1')

print(my_dict)

```

defaultdict(, {'k1': ['v1']})

```python

# 练习：元素分类

# 有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...]，

# 将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。

# 即： {'k1': 大于66 , 'k2': 小于66}

### 1、不用默认指点的写法要判断字典中是否已有{'k1':[]}

all_list = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90,]

dic = {}

for i in all_list:

if i > 66:

if "k1" in dic.keys():

dic['k1'].append(i)

else:

dic['k1'] = [i,]

else:

if "k2" in dic.keys():

dic['k2'].append(i)

else:

dic['k2'] = [i,]

print(dic)

### 2、默认字典

all_list = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90,]

dic = collections.defaultdict(list)

for i in all_list:

if i > 66:

dic['k1'].append(i)

else:

dic['k2'].append(i)

print(dic)

```

{'k2': [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66], 'k1': [77, 88, 99, 90]}

defaultdict(, {'k2': [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66], 'k1': [77, 88, 99, 90]})

# 可命名元组(namedtuple)

```python

### 根据nametuple可以创建一个包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型。

from collections import namedtuple #创建(给元组命名)

Mytuple = namedtuple('Mytuple',['x','y','z'])

obj = Mytuple(11,22,33) #通过x,y,z取得元组的值

print(obj.x )

print(obj.y )

print(obj.z )

```

11

22

33

# 双向队列(deque)

```python

from collections import deque #创建双向队列

d = deque()

d.append('1')

d.append('2')

# append()向队列中插入数据(从右边插入)

d.append('3')

print(d)

```

deque(['1', '2', '3'])

```python

# appendleft()向队列中插入数据(从左边插入)

d.appendleft('4')

print(d)

```

deque(['4', '1', '2', '3'])

```python

## clear()清空队列

d.clear()

print(d)

```

deque([])

```python

# count()计数

d.append('1')

print(d)

d.count('1')

```

deque(['1'])

1

```python

# extend()从右边向队列添加额外元素

d.extend(['qq','ww','ee'])

print(d)

```

deque(['1', 'qq', 'ww', 'ee'])

```python

## extendleft()从左边向队列添加元素

d.extendleft(['qq','ww','ee'])

print(d)

```

deque(['ee', 'ww', 'qq', '1', 'qq', 'ww', 'ee'])

```python

# index()取得元素下标

d.index('1')

```

3

```python

# insert()指定位置插入元素

d.insert(1,'nn')

print(d)

```

deque(['ee', 'nn', 'ww', 'qq', '1', 'qq', 'ww', 'ee'])

```python

# pop()从右边移除一个元素

d.pop()

print(d)

deque(['1','nn'])

```

deque(['ee', 'nn', 'ww', 'qq', '1', 'qq', 'ww'])

deque(['1', 'nn'])

```python

# popleft()从左边移除一个元素

d.popleft()

print(d)

```

deque(['nn', 'ww', 'qq', '1', 'qq', 'ww'])

```python

# remove()移除指定元素

d.remove('1')

print(d)

deque(['2'])

```

deque(['nn', 'ww', 'qq', 'qq', 'ww'])

deque(['2'])

```python

# reverse()反转队列

print(d)

d.reverse()

print(d)

deque(['2','1'])

```

deque(['nn', 'ww', 'qq', 'qq', 'ww'])

deque(['ww', 'qq', 'qq', 'ww', 'nn'])

deque(['2', '1'])

```python

## rotate()将右边指定的元素个数移到队列左边

d.append('4')

d.append('5')

d.append('6')

print(d)

d.rotate(3)

print(d)

```

deque(['ww', 'qq', 'qq', 'ww', 'nn', '4', '5', '6'])

deque(['4', '5', '6', 'ww', 'qq', 'qq', 'ww', 'nn'])

#  单向队列(先进先出 FIFO )

```python

import queue # 创建单向队列

>>> q = queue.Queue()

1.添加元素

>>> q.put('11')

>>> q.put('22')

2.qsize()获取队列中元素个数

>>> q.qsize()

2

3.get()取得元素(先进先出)

>>> q.get()

11

>>> q.get()

22

```