Linux上的任务计划：           

            任务计划：

                        在未来时间点一次性执行某任务：at,batch

                        周期性执行某任务:crontab 

            电子邮件服务：

                        smtp: simple mailtransmission protocol

                                    /var/spool/mail/USERNAME

                        pop3: post officeprotocol

                        imap4: internet mailaccess protocol

                        MUA：mail命令

                        mail命令：

                                    mail: 进入交互式收发邮件接口；

                                    mail -s'SUBJECT' username@hostname

 

                                    mail -s'SUBJECT' username@hostname < /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE 

                                    COMMAND |mail -s 'SUBJECT' username@hostname 

            at  命令： 

                        承载未来时间运行的某作业： 

                        支持使用作业队列：

                                    默认为a队列； 

                        Ctrl+d 

                        at [option]... TIME 

                        TIME:

                                    (1) 绝对时间

                                    HH:MM,

                                    MMDD[CC]YY,MM/DD/[CC]YY, DD.MM.[CC]YY or [CC]YY-MM-DD

                                                tomorrow

                                    (2) 相对时间

                                                now+#UNIT

                                                            minute,hour, day, week

                                    (3) 模糊时间

                                                midnight

                                                noon

                                                teatime 

                        常用选项：

                                    -q QUEUE：at作业队列；

                                    -f/PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE：从指定的文件中读取要运行的作业；

                                    -l: 查看作业队列中的等运行作业列表；相当于使用atq命令；

                                    -cAT_JOB_NUM: 查看待运行作业的内容；

                                    -d: 删除指定作业；相当于atrm 

            batch:

                        由系统自行选择在资源较为空闲时运行指定的任务；

 

            crontab：周期性任务计划

                        守护进程：crond 

                        周期性任务有两类：

                                    (1) 系统cron任务；没有默认运行用户身份，所以需要额外指定运行者；

                                                /etc/crontab 

                                                vim命令 

                                                            #Example of job definition:

                                                            #.---------------- minute (0 - 59)

                                                            #|  .------------- hour (0 - 23)

                                                            # |  | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)

                                                            #|  | |  .------- month (1 - 12) ORjan,feb,mar,apr ...

                                                            #|  | |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) ORsun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat

                                                            #|  | |  |  |

                                                            #*  * *  *  * user-name command to be executed    

                                                            7个字段：

                                                                        前5个字段：时间点

                                                                        user-name:以哪个用户的身份运行任务

                                                                        commandto be executed: 要运行任务                                 

 

                                    (2) 用户cron任务：由某个用户所提交，默认就以提交者的身份运行，所以无需额外指定运行者；

                                                /var/spool/cron/USERNAME 

                                                vim命令；不建议

                                                crontab命令：建议

                                                            #Example of job definition:

                                                            #.---------------- minute (0 - 59)

                                                            #|  .------------- hour (0 - 23)

                                                            #|  | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)

                                                            #|  | |  .------- month (1 - 12) ORjan,feb,mar,apr ...

                                                            #|  | |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) ORsun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat

                                                            #|  | |  |  |

                                                            #*  * *  *  * command to be executed        

 

                                                            5个时间点：

                                                                        分钟：有效取值范围0-59；

                                                                        小时：0-23

                                                                        日：1-31

                                                                        月：1-12

                                                                        周几：0-7

 

                                                                        注意：几月几号与周几，不建议同时使用；

 

                                                                        例如：

                                                                                    6* * * * 

                                                                        时间表示法：

                                                                                     *:对应时间点有效取值范围内的每个时间点；

                                                                                    -:一个特定连续时间范围,3-7

                                                                                    ,：一个离散的时间点,3,5,7

                                                                                    /#：有效时间范围内的每多少时间；用于指定频率；

                                                                                                1-30/4,*/4 

                                                                        5*/3 * * * /bin/echo "howdy" 

                                                                        57 * * 1-5 /bin/echo "howdy" 

                                                            crontab命令：

                                                                        crontab[-u user] [-l | -r | -e]

                                                                                    -uuser: 不是管理自己的cron任务，而是指定的目标用户的cron任务；仅root拥有管理其它用户的cron任务的权限；默认管理自己的；

                                                                                    -l:list，列出任务；

                                                                                    -r:remove, 移除所有任务；

                                                                                    -e:edit，编辑，打开一当前shell会话的默认编辑器来编辑cron任务表； 

                                                思考：

                                                            1、如果想实现每8分钟运行一次某任务？

                                                            2、如果想实现每10秒钟运行一次某任务？

                                    补充性的工具：anacron:

                       注意：

                       (1)如果不想接收任务执行结果的通知邮件：

                                                            COMMAND> /dev/null

                                                            COMMAND&> /dev/null

                      (2)对于crontab文件来讲，%有特殊功用；如果命令中会出现%,要记得转义，或者用单引号对其引用；

                      (3)crontab的PATH变量与用户的变量不完全相同，所以，建议在cron中的任务要使用绝对路径

                                                            /root/bin/a.sh