一 :新建django的配置
准备工作,先在数据库中创建一个库,并指定utf8编码
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS student default character set utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
在项目下的settings.py配置文件下配置数据库
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'student',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': '123123',
'HOST': '192.168.244.10',
'PORT': '3306',
}
}
__init__.py文件的配置
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
#打开数据库链接
db = pymysql.connect("192.168.244.10","root","123123","student")
#使用cursor()方法获取游标
cursor = db.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
data = cursor.fetchone()
print("Database version : %s" % data)
db.close()
测试一下和数据库的连通性
python manage.py runserver
完了以后先退出终端,先不启动
***************************************
二 .创建一个应用,并激活
python manage.py startapp myApp
创建项目后在settings.py文件中添加项目
激活其实就是这一步的添加过程
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'myApp'
在模板中定义和数据表相对应的类
class Grades(models.Model):
gname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
gdate = models.DateField()
ggirlnum = models.IntegerField()
gboynum = models.IntegerField()
isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
def __str__(self):
return "%s-%d-%d" %(self.gname,self.ggirlnum,self.gboynum)
class Student(models.Model):
sname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
sgender = models.BooleanField(default=True)
sage = models.IntegerField()
scontend = models.CharField(max_length=20)
isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
sgrade = models.ForeignKey("Grades",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
在数据库中生成数据表:
要在数据库中生成数据,先要生成一个迁移文件,并执行迁移文件
创建上面的应用myApp后,会在myApp下生成migrations目录
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
三 :在终端测试模板和数据库交互的情况(创建数据)
进入django的shell环境
E:\老男孩课程\tudent>python manage.py shell
###########################################
>>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from datetime import *
from myApp.models import Grades,Student
from django.utils import timezone
from datetime import *
-----------------------------------------------------
通过模型类查看数据
>>> Grades.objects.all()
Grades.objects.all()
------------------------------------------------------
添加一条数据的本质
本质:创建一个模型类的对象
>>> grade1 = Grades()
>>> grade1.gname = "python04"
>>> grade1.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=17)
>>> grade1.ggirlnum = 3
>>> grade1.gboynum = 70
>>> grade1.save()
grade1 = Grades()
grade1.gname = "python04"
grade1.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=17)
grade1.ggirlnum = 3
grade1.gboynum = 70
grade1.save()
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>> grade2 = Grades()
>>> grade2.gname = "python05"
>>>
>>>
>>> grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)
>>> grade2.ggirlnum = 8
>>> grage2.gboynum = 66
>>> grade2.gboynum = 72
>>> grade2.save()
grade2 = Grades()
grade2.gname = "python05"
grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)
grade2.ggirlnum = 8
grade2.gboynum = 66
grade2.gboynum = 72
grade2.save()
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
四 :在shell环境查看生成的表数据(包括修改和删除数据)
退出重新进一次shell环境
quit()
python manage.py shell
#并重新导入三个库
>>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from datetime import *
通过模型类查看数据
>>> Grades.objects.all()
查看单个表中的数据
>>> Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
<Grades: python04-3-70>
>>> Grades.objects.get(pk=2)
<Grades: python05-8-72>
修改单个表中的数据
语法:模型对象.gboynum=值
>>> grade2.gboynum = 50
>>> grade2.save()
删除单个表中的数据(物理删除)
语法:模型对象.delete()
>>> grade2.delete()
(1, {'myApp.Student': 0, 'myApp.Grades': 1})
获得关联对象的集合
先创建两个学生表
>>> grade1=Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> stu1 = Student()
>>> stu1.sname = "王福田"
>>> stu1.sgender = False
>>> stu1.sage = 25
#如下,指点班级列等于另外一个表的对象,就会自动关联
>>> stu1.sgrade = grade1
>>> stu1.save()
grade1=Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
stu1 = Student()
stu1.sname = "王福田"
stu1.sgender = False
stu1.sage = 25
stu1.sgrade = grade1
stu1.save()
---------------------------------------------------------
>>> stu2 = Student()
>>> stu2.sname = "张宝来"
>>> stu2.sgender = False
>>> stu2.sage = 30
>>> stu2.sgrade = grade1
>>> stu2.save()
stu2 = Student()
stu2.sname = "张宝来"
stu2.sgender = False
stu2.sage = 30
stu2.sgrade = grade1
stu2.save()
----------------------------------------------
查看班级有哪些学生:
因为没有重写类的return,所以返回的不是数据
另外,_set.all是django自带的一个方法,虽然我没有定义,但是也可以使用
>>> grade1.student_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Student: Student object (1)>, <Student: Student object (2)>]>
>>>
一条命令创建学生并关联主键
不用save,直接存入数据库
>>> stu3=grade1.student_set.create(sname=u'zhangsan',scontend=u'my name is zhangsan',sage=45)
在maApp文件夹下的models.py文件中编写一个函数,用于返回数据值
class Grades(models.Model):
gname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
gdate = models.DateField()
ggirlnum = models.IntegerField()
gboynum = models.IntegerField()
isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
def __str__(self):
return "%s-%d-%d" %(self.gname,self.ggirlnum,self.gboynum)
五 .启动服务器
python manage.py runserver ip:port
如果是本机可以不写,默认是本机ip,端口是8000
python manage.py runserver
五. 站点管理
在另外一个终端,创建超用户
python manage.py createsuperuser
在setting.py文件中修改字符集和时间
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
管理数据表
在admin.py文件中对表进行注册
注册以后刷新http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/页面,会出现已经注册上的表
from .models import Grades,Student
#注册
admin.site.register(Grades)
admin.site.register(Student)
5.1 站点自定义管理
在应用的admin.py文件中定义
from .models import Grades,Student
class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
#列表页属性
list_display = ['gname','gdate','ggirlnum','gboynum','isDelete']
# list_filter = ['gname']
# search_fields = []
# list_per_page = []
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ['sname','sgender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
list_per_page = 2
#添加,修改列表也属性
#可以规定先后顺寻,
#这两个属性不能同时使用
# fields =['ggirlnum','gboynum','gdate','isDelete']
# fieldsets = [
# ("num",{"fields":['ggirlnum','gboynum']}),
# ("base",{"fields":['gname','gdate','isDelete']})
# ]
admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin) #要点,这个后面怎加了GradesAdmin,否则上面的属性不会用到 admin.site.register(Student)
admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)
5.2 小需求练习
在原来的admin.py配置文件中加入StudentInfo类,并在GradeAdmin类中加入inlines属性
class StudentInfo(admin.TabularInline):
#使用模板中的哪个类
model = Student
#自动添加几个
extra = 2
class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
inlines = [StudentInfo]
#列表页属性
list_display = ['gname','gdate','ggirlnum','gboynum','isDelete']
#过滤条件
list_filter = ['gname']
#搜索字段
search_fields = ['gname']
#分页
# list_per_page = 2
5.3布尔值的显示问题
男女显示的问题
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
def gender(self):
if self.sgender:
return "男"
else:
return "女"
#设置页面列的名称
gender.short_description = "性别"
list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend'] list_per_page = 10
5.4执行动作的位置问题(action的问题)
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
# def gender(self):
# if self.sgender:
# return "男"
# else:
# return "女"
#设置页面列的名称
# gender.short_description = "性别"
#就是设置action的布尔值
actions_on_bottom = True
actions_on_top = False
list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
list_per_page = 10
admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin)
admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)
5.5使用装饰器完成注册
以后都用装饰器来完成注册
@admin.register(Student)
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
# def gender(self):
# if self.sgender:
# return "男"
# else:
# return "女"
#设置页面列的名称
# gender.short_description = "性别"
#就是设置action的布尔值
actions_on_bottom = True
actions_on_top = False
list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
list_per_page = 10
把调用注释掉
#admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)
六,视图
视图其实就是一个函数,在创建的app中的vews.py文件中添加
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
return HttpResponse("sunck is a good man")
按照django架构,http请求过来是先找url,url在找视图,所以我们这里先配置url控制器
urls.py文件默认在项目student目录下,除此之外,我们需要在新建的应用myApp目录中也建一个urls.py文件,所以总共加起来有两个urls.py文件
这里我们先配置默认已经存在的urls.py文件
from django.contrib import admin
from django.conf.urls import include,url
urlpatterns = [
url(r'admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^',include('myApp.urls')),
]
接下来修改刚创建的myApp文件下的urls.py文件
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url (r'^$', views.index)
]
七,模板
模板是html页面
根据视图中传递过来啦的数据,进行填充
7.1创建模板目录
在templates目录下创建目录,templates和myApp,student,manage,py都是同级的
在templates目录下创建对应的应用的目录
7.2配置模板路径
在settings.py文件
其中basedir指的就是myApp,student,manage,py这几个所在的文件夹的目录
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')]
,
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
7.3小需求练习,我要展示http://172.0.0.1:8000/grade
先定义模板,我的html长什么样
在templates下的myApp下新建一个html文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>班级</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
{% for grade in grades%}
<li>
<a href="#">{{ grade.gname }}</a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</h1>
</body>
</html>
7.3.1模板语法;
语法1:{{输出值,可以是变量,也可以是对象.属性}}
语法2:{%代码段%}
7.3.2, 定义视图
视图从模板中取数据
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
return HttpResponse("sunck is a good man")
from .models import Grades
def grades(request):
#去模板里取数据
gradesList=Grades.objects.all()
#将数据传递给模板,模板再渲染页面,将渲染好的页面返回给浏览器,下面字典里的grades就是html中的变量
return render(request,'myApp/grades.html',{"grades":gradesList})
7.3.3 设置url,
浏览器通过url来找视图
因为上面最外层的url已经包含了应用层的url,所以直接在最里面的urls.py文件中配置视图
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url (r'^$', views.index),
#如果没有视图,则要导入
url(r'^grades/$',views.grades)
]
7.4 小需求,在原来的基础上,展示班级下面的所有学生
定义视图
from .models import Student
def students(request):
studentsList=Student.objects.all()
return render(request,'myApp/student.html',{"students":studentsList})
def gradesStudents(request,num):
#获得对应的班级对象
grade=Grades.objects.get(pk=num)
#获得班级下的所有学生
studentsList = grade.student_set.all()
return render(request,'myApp/student.html',{"students":studentsList})
添加url
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url (r'^$', views.index),
#如果没有视图,则要导入
url(r'^grades/$',views.grades),
url(r'students/$',views.students),
url(r'^grades/(\d+)$',views.gradesStudents)
]
创建学生的模板
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>学生信息</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
<ul>
{% for student in students %}
<li>
{{ student.sname }}--{{ students.scontend }}
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</h1>
</body>
</html>
同时修改班级的模板
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>班级</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
{% for grade in grades%}
<li>
<a href="{{ grade.id }}">{{ grade.gname }}</a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</h1>
</body>
</html>
八:移动数据库以后,删除迁移文件,在生成一次迁移文件,再执行
ll
九。补充,ORM映射关系
O:模型 R:映射 M:数据库
十.模型类,属性,表,字段的关系
一个模型类在数据库中对应一张表,模型类的属性在与之对应的表中对应一个字段
模型类中的属性
学习链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34493908/article/details/80388041
十一,创建模型管理器
先修改模型类
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Grades(models.Model): gname = models.CharField(max_length=20) gdate = models.DateField() ggirlnum = models.IntegerField() gboynum = models.IntegerField() isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False) def __str__(self): return "%s-%d-%d" % (self.gname, self.ggirlnum, self.gboynum) class Meta(): db_table = "grades" class Student(models.Model): sname = models.CharField(max_length=20) sgender = models.BooleanField(default=True) sage = models.IntegerField() scontend = models.CharField(max_length=20) isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False) sgrade = models.ForeignKey("Grades", on_delete=models.CASCADE) def __str__(self): return self.sname lastTime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) creatTime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) #定义模型中的元选项 class Meta: db_table = "student" ordering = ['id']
再准备数据,重新迁移一次数据
insert into grades(gname,gdate,ggirlnum,gboynum,isDelete)
values("python01","2018-2-3",22,34,0),
("python02","2018-2-2",27,34,0),
("python03","2018-2-30",22,34,0),
("python04","2018-2-30",22,34,0);
-------------------------------
insert into student(sname,sgender,scontend,isDelete,sgrade_id,sage,lastTime,creatTime) values("薛延美",1,"薛延美",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
("王占山",1,"我叫网站山",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
("李婷",1,"我叫李婷",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
("赵本山",1,"我叫赵本山",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
("刘大河",1,"我叫刘大河",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
("刘德华",1,"我叫刘德华",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3");