time模块
逝去的秒数
逝去的秒数表示从某个时间(Python中是“Thu Jan 1 07:00:00 1970”)开始到现在所经过的秒数。
使用time.time()函数可以获得逝去的秒数:
>>time.time()
1388330058.8643
time.time()返回一个浮点数,可用于计算,比较,存储时间时间。
输出可读性强的时间字符串
要输出像“Thu Jan 1 07:00:00 1970”这种可读性强的时间字符串,我们可以使用time.ctime()函数,默认返回当前的时间:
>>> time.ctime()
'Sun Dec 29 23:17:44 2013'
也可以传入一个逝去的秒数,返回对应的时间字符串:
>>> time.ctime(0)
'Thu Jan 1 07:00:00 1970'
获取时间的各个部分信息
我们经常要分别获取一个时间的年、月、日、时、分、秒等信息,time模块定义了一个struct_time类型,用来存储时间的各个部分信息。该类型实现了元组协议,所以可以当作元组使用。
struct_time 的结构如下:
IndexAttributeValues
0
tm_year
(for example, 1993)
1
tm_mon
range [1, 12]
2
tm_mday
range [1, 31]
3
tm_hour
range [0, 23]
4
tm_min
range [0, 59]
5
tm_sec
range [0, 61];
6
tm_wday
range [0, 6], Monday is 0
7
tm_yday
range [1, 366]
8
tm_isdst
0, 1 or -1; see below
有几个函数都可以返回struct_time,gmtime()返回当前的UTC时间,localtime()返回当前时间域的当前时间:
>>> time.gmtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2013, tm_mon=12, tm_mday=29, tm_hour=15, tm_min=35, tm_sec=57, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=363, tm_isdst=0)
>>> time.localtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2013, tm_mon=12, tm_mday=29, tm_hour=23, tm_min=36, tm_sec=6, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=363, tm_isdst=0)
gmtime() 和 localtime() 也接受一个逝去的秒数作为参数,并转换成struct_time:
>>> time.localtime(0)
time.struct_time(tm_year=1970, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=7, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=1, tm_isdst=0)
mktime()接收 struct_time 参数并将其转化为逝去的秒数:
>>> time.mktime(time.localtime())
1388331386.0
解析和格式化时间
如何将类似”Sun Dec 29 23:17:44 2013“的字符串解析成 struct_time?
time模块提供了两个函数来处理这方面的工作。 函数strptime()用于将时间字符串解析成 struct_time, 函数strftime()则将 struct_time 格式化成可读性强的时间字符串
import time
now = time.ctime()
print now
parsed = time.strptime(now)
print parsed
print time.strftime("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y", parsed)
# output =>
# Sun Mar 9 13:01:19 2008
# (2008, 3, 9, 13, 1, 19, 6, 69, -1)
# Sun Mar 09 13:01:19 2008
这两个函数都依赖特定的格式说明信息,默认的格式说明为”%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y“。完整的格式列表可以在
DirectiveMeaningNotes
%a
Locale’s abbreviated weekday name.
%A
Locale’s full weekday name.
%b
Locale’s abbreviated month name.
%B
Locale’s full month name.
%c
Locale’s appropriate date and time representation.
%d
Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
%H
Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
%I
Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
%j
Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].
%m
Month as a decimal number [01,12].
%M
Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
%p
Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM.
(1)
%S
Second as a decimal number [00,61].
(2)
%U
Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.
(3)
%w
Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].
%W
Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.
(3)
%x
Locale’s appropriate date representation.
%X
Locale’s appropriate time representation.
%y
Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].
%Y
Year with century as a decimal number.
%Z
Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).
%%
A literal'%'character.