1. 字符设备与块设备的 I/O 操作主要有如下不同点:
(1)块设备只能以块为单位接受输入和返回输出,而字符设备则以字节为单位。大多数设备是字符设备,因为它们不需要缓冲而且不以固定块大小进行操作。
(2)块设备对于 I/O 请求有对应的缓冲区,因此它们可以选择以什么顺序进行响应,字符设备无须缓冲且被直接读写。对于存储设备而言调整读写的顺序作用巨大,因为在读写连续的扇区比分离的扇区更快。
(3)字符设备只能被顺序读写,而块设备可以随机访问。虽然块设备可随机访问,但是对于磁盘这类机械设备而言,顺序地组织块设备的访问可以提高性能,而对 SD 卡、RamDisk 等块设备而言,不存在机械上的原因,进行这样的调整没有必要。
2. 块设备例程
将ldd3(linxu device driver 3)中块设备驱动部分的代码在kerne 3.19.0 编译时,会出现很多问题,主要是由于ldd3示例代码使用的内核版本较低(2.6.10版本),对于块设备子系统,很多接口都已经发生了改变,修改后的驱动代码如下ramdisk.c(亲测可用):
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define RAMDISK_NAME "ramdisk"
#define RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE 1
#define RAMDISK_MAX_PARTITIONS 4
#define RAMDISK_SECTOR_SIZE 512
#define RAMDISK_SECTORS 16
#define RAMDISK_HEADS 4
#define RAMDISK_CYLINDERS 256
#define RAMDISK_SECTOR_TOTAL (RAMDISK_SECTORS * RAMDISK_HEADS * RAMDISK_CYLINDERS * 50) //16383 sectors
#define RAMDISK_SIZE (RAMDISK_SECTOR_SIZE * RAMDISK_SECTOR_TOTAL) //8MB = 16383 x 512k
typedef struct {
unsigned char* data;
struct request_queue* queue;
struct gendisk* gd;
}RAMDISK_DEV;
static char* sdisk[RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE] = {NULL};
static RAMDISK_DEV* rdev[RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE] = {NULL};
static dev_t ramdisk_major;
static int ramdisk_space_init(void)
{
int i;
int err = 0;
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
sdisk[i] = vmalloc(RAMDISK_SIZE);
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
if(!sdisk[i]){
err = -ENOMEM;
return err;
}
memset(sdisk[i], 0, RAMDISK_SIZE);
}
return err;
}
static void ramdisk_space_clean(void)
{
int i;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
vfree(sdisk[i]);
}
}
static int ramdisk_open(struct block_device* bdev, fmode_t mode)
{
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return 0;
}
static void ramdisk_release(struct gendisk*gd, fmode_t mode)
{
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
return;
}
static int ramdisk_ioctl(struct block_device* bdev, fmode_t mode, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int err;
struct hd_geometry geo;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
switch(cmd)
{
case HDIO_GETGEO:
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, arg, sizeof(geo));
if(err)
return -EFAULT;
geo.cylinders = RAMDISK_CYLINDERS;
geo.heads = RAMDISK_HEADS;
geo.sectors = RAMDISK_SECTORS;
geo.start = get_start_sect(bdev);
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
if(copy_to_user((void*)arg, &geo, sizeof(geo)))
return -EFAULT;
return 0;
}
return -ENOTTY;
}
static struct block_device_operations ramdisk_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = ramdisk_open,
.release = ramdisk_release,
.ioctl = ramdisk_ioctl,
};
static int ramdisk_make_request(struct request_queue* q, struct bio* bio)
{
char* pRHdata;
char* pBuffer;
struct bio_vec bvec;
int err = 0;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
struct block_device* bdev = bio->bi_bdev;
RAMDISK_DEV* pdev = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
if(((bio->bi_iter.bi_sector * RAMDISK_SECTOR_SIZE) + bio->bi_iter.bi_size) > RAMDISK_SIZE){
err = -EIO;
return err;
}
pRHdata = pdev->data + (bio->bi_iter.bi_sector * RAMDISK_SECTOR_SIZE);
bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, bio->bi_iter){
pBuffer = kmap(bvec.bv_page) + bvec.bv_offset;
switch(bio_data_dir(bio)){
case READ:
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
memcpy(pBuffer, pRHdata, bvec.bv_len);
flush_dcache_page(bvec.bv_page);
break;
case WRITE:
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
flush_dcache_page(bvec.bv_page);
memcpy(pRHdata, pBuffer, bvec.bv_len);
break;
default:
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
kunmap(bvec.bv_page);
goto out;
}
kunmap(bvec.bv_page);
pRHdata += bvec.bv_len;
}
out:
bio_endio(bio, err);
return 0;
}
static int alloc_ramdev(void)
{
int i;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
rdev[i] = kzalloc(sizeof(RAMDISK_DEV), GFP_KERNEL);
if(!rdev[i]){
return -ENOMEM;
}
}
return 0;
}
static void clean_ramdev(void)
{
int i;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
if(rdev[i])
kfree(rdev[i]);
}
}
static int __init ramdisk_init(void)
{
int i;
ramdisk_space_init();
alloc_ramdev();
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
ramdisk_major = register_blkdev(0, RAMDISK_NAME);
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
rdev[i]->data = sdisk[i];
rdev[i]->queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL);
blk_queue_make_request(rdev[i]->queue, ramdisk_make_request);
rdev[i]->gd = alloc_disk(RAMDISK_MAX_PARTITIONS);
rdev[i]->gd->major = ramdisk_major;
rdev[i]->gd->first_minor = i * RAMDISK_MAX_PARTITIONS;
rdev[i]->gd->fops = &ramdisk_fops;
rdev[i]->gd->queue = rdev[i]->queue;
rdev[i]->gd->private_data = rdev[i];
sprintf(rdev[i]->gd->disk_name, "ramdisk%c", 'A' +i);
rdev[i]->gd->flags |= GENHD_FL_SUPPRESS_PARTITION_INFO;
set_capacity(rdev[i]->gd, RAMDISK_SECTOR_TOTAL);
add_disk(rdev[i]->gd);
}
return 0;
}
static void __exit ramdisk_exit(void)
{
int i;
printk(KERN_EMERG "%s*********Start*******%d \n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
for(i = 0; i < RAMDISK_MAX_DEVICE; i++){
del_gendisk(rdev[i]->gd);
put_disk(rdev[i]->gd);
blk_cleanup_queue(rdev[i]->queue);
}
clean_ramdev();
ramdisk_space_clean();
unregister_blkdev(ramdisk_major, RAMDISK_NAME);
}
module_init(ramdisk_init);
module_exit(ramdisk_exit);
MODULE_AUTHOR("zkj");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("block device");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Makefile参考:
KVERS = $(shell uname -r)
CURDIR = $(shell pwd)
# Kernel modules
obj-m += ramdisk.o
# Specify flags for the module compilation.
#EXTRA_CFLAGS=-g -O0
build: kernel_modules
kernel_modules:
# make -C /lib/modules/$(KVERS)/build M=$(CURDIR) modules
make -C ../linux-3.16 M=$(CURDIR) modules
clean:
# make -C /lib/modules/$(KVERS)/build M=$(CURDIR) clean
make -C ../linux-3.16 M=$(CURDIR) clean
Terminal下编译(arm平台):ubuntu@ubuntu:~/WorkSpace/kernel-src/
ramdisk$ make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- ARCH=arm
内核模块加载:
insmod ramdisk.ko
查看加载情况:
#sudo insmod ramdisk.ko
#
下面内容参考:http://blog.csdn.net/rocky_zhm/article/details/50372243用lsmod看看。
这里我们注意到,该模块的Used by为0,因为它既没有被其他模块使用,也没有被mount。
# lsmod
Module Size Used by
simp_blkdev 16784008 0
...
#
如果当前系统支持udev,在调用add_disk()函数时即插即用机制会自动为我们在/dev/目录下建立设备文件。
设备文件的名称为我们在gendisk.disk_name中设置的simp_blkdev,主、从设备号也是我们在程序中设定的72和0。
如果当前系统不支持udev,那么很不幸,你需要自己用mknod /dev/simp_blkdev b 72 0来创建设备文件了。
# ls -l /dev/ramdiskA
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 251, 0 12月 21 14:23 /dev/ramdiskA
创建块设备中的分区
sudo fdisk /dev/ramdiskA
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7670efa4.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n // 创建一个新分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p //选择分区类型,主分区(p)
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 // 分区编号,默认为1
First sector (2048-819199, default 2048): 2048 //分区起始sector默认为2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-819199, default 819199): 200000 //设定分区大小
Command (m for help): w //保存设定的分区信息
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
在块设备中创建文件系统,这里我们创建常用的ext3。当然,作为通用的块设备,创建其他类型的文件系统也没问题。# mkfs.ext3 /dev/ramdiskAmke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)4096 inodes, 16384 blocks819 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=1Maximum filesystem blocks=167772162 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2048 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (1024 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.#如果这是第一次使用,建议创建一个目录用来mount这个设备中的文件系统。当然,这不是必需的。如果你对mount之类的用法很熟,你完全能够自己决定在这里干什么,甚至把这个设备mount成root。# mkdir -p /mnt/temp1#把建立好文件系统的块设备mount到刚才建立的目录中# mount /dev/ramdiskA /mnt/temp1#看看现在的mount表# mount.../dev/ramdiskA on /mnt/temp1 type ext3 (rw)#看看现在的模块引用计数,从刚才的0变成1了,原因是我们mount了。# lsmodModule Size Used byramdiskA 16784008 1...#看看文件系统的内容,有个mkfs时自动建立的lost+found目录。# ls /mnt/temp1lost+found#随便拷点东西进去# cp /etc/init.d/* /mnt/temp1#再看看# ls /mnt/temp1acpid conman functions irqbalance mdmpd NetworkManagerDispatcher rdisc sendmail winbindanacron cpuspeed gpm kdump messagebus nfs readahead_early setroubleshoot wpa_supplicantapmd crond haldaemon killall microcode_ctl nfslock readahead_later single xfsatd cups halt krb524 multipathd nscd restorecond smartd xinetdauditd cups-config-daemon hidd kudzu netconsole ntpd rhnsd smb ypbindautofs dhcdbd ip6tables lost+found netfs pand rpcgssd sshd yum-updatesdavahi-daemon dund ipmi lvm2-monitor netplugd pcscd rpcidmapd syslogavahi-dnsconfd firstboot iptables mcstrans network portmap rpcsvcgssd vmwarebluetooth frecord irda mdmonitor NetworkManager psacct saslauthd vncserver#现在这个块设备的使用情况是# df文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点.../dev/ramdiskA 15863 1440 13604 10% /mnt/temp1#再全删了玩玩# rm -rf /mnt/temp1/*#看看删完了没有# ls /mnt/temp1#好了,大概玩够了,我们把文件系统umount掉# umount /mnt/temp1#模块的引用计数应该还原成0了吧# lsmodModule Size Used byramdiskA 16784008 0...#最后一步,移除模块# sudo rmmod ramdiskA#