经过前面两篇博文的分析，已经对Linux的内核网络栈的结构有了一个模糊的认识，这里我们开始从底层开始详细分析Linux内核网络栈的实现。由于这是早期版本，代码的层次隔离做的还不是很好，这里说是从底层分析，但是不免会牵扯上层或下层的函数，许多关键代码都在驱动的文件夹下。
我们首先有第一篇博文中知道在网络栈初始化的时候在net/socket.c中的函数sock_init()函数中当proto_init()完成后会执行dev_init()来进行网络设备模块的初始化。
首先说明一下，在drivers/net/space.c中定义了设备首节点地址dev_base，其实际上是回环设备的地址。
structdevice loopback_dev = {
"lo",/* Software Loopback interface */
0x0,/* recv memory end */
0x0,/* recv memory start */
0x0,/* memory end */
0x0,/* memory start */
0,/* base I/O address */
0,/* IRQ */
0, 0, 0,/* flags */
NEXT_DEV,/* next device */
loopback_init/* loopback_init should set up the rest */
};
structdevice *dev_base = &loopback_dev;而NEXT_DEV宏定义即定义了下一个网络设备的地址，这样可以把设备串成链。
附网络设备的定义(include/linux/netdevice.h)如下:
/*
* The DEVICE structure.
* Actually, this whole structure is a big mistake. It mixes I/O
* data with strictly "high-level" data, and it has to know about
* almost every data structure used in the INET module.
*/
structdevice
{
/*
* This is the first field of the "visible" part of this structure
* (i.e. as seen by users in the "Space.c" file). It is the name
* the interface.
*/
char*name;
/* I/O specific fields - FIXME: Merge these and struct ifmap into one */
unsignedlongrmem_end;/* shmem "recv" end */
unsignedlongrmem_start;/* shmem "recv" start */
unsignedlongmem_end;/* sahared mem end */
unsignedlongmem_start;/* shared mem start */
unsignedlongbase_addr;/* device I/O address */
unsignedcharirq;/* device IRQ number */
/* Low-level status flags. */
volatileunsignedcharstart,/* start an operation */
tbusy,/* transmitter busy */
interrupt;/* interrupt arrived */
structdevice *next;
/* The device initialization function. Called only once. */
int(*init)(structdevice *dev);
/* Some hardware also needs these fields, but they are not part of the
usual set specified in Space.c. */
unsignedcharif_port;/* Selectable AUI, TP,..*/
unsignedchardma;/* DMA channel */
structenet_statistics* (*get_stats)(structdevice *dev);
/*
* This marks the end of the "visible" part of the structure. All
* fields hereafter are internal to the system, and may change at
* will (read: may be cleaned up at will).
*/
/* These may be needed for future network-power-down code. */
unsignedlongtrans_start;/* Time (in jiffies) of last Tx */
unsignedlonglast_rx;/* Time of last Rx */
unsignedshortflags;/* interface flags (a la BSD) */
unsignedshortfamily;/* address family ID (AF_INET) */
unsignedshortmetric;/* routing metric (not used) */
unsignedshortmtu;/* interface MTU value */
unsignedshorttype;/* interface hardware type */
unsignedshorthard_header_len;/* hardware hdr length */
void*priv;/* pointer to private data */
/* Interface address info. */
unsignedcharbroadcast[MAX_ADDR_LEN];/* hw bcast add */
unsignedchardev_addr[MAX_ADDR_LEN];/* hw address */
unsignedcharaddr_len;/* hardware address length */
unsignedlongpa_addr;/* protocol address */
unsignedlongpa_brdaddr;/* protocol broadcast addr */
unsignedlongpa_dstaddr;/* protocol P-P other side addr */
unsignedlongpa_mask;/* protocol netmask */
unsignedshortpa_alen;/* protocol address length */
structdev_mc_list *mc_list;/* Multicast mac addresses */
intmc_count;/* Number of installed mcasts */
structip_mc_list *ip_mc_list;/* IP multicast filter chain */
/* For load balancing driver pair support */
unsignedlongpkt_queue;/* Packets queued */
structdevice *slave;/* Slave device */
/* Pointer to the interface buffers. */
structsk_buff_head buffs[DEV_NUMBUFFS];
/* Pointers to interface service routines. */
int(*open)(structdevice *dev);
int(*stop)(structdevice *dev);
int(*hard_start_xmit) (structsk_buff *skb,
structdevice *dev);
int(*hard_header) (unsignedchar*buff,
structdevice *dev,
unsignedshorttype,
void*daddr,
void*saddr,
unsigned len,
structsk_buff *skb);
int(*rebuild_header)(void*eth,structdevice *dev,
unsignedlongraddr,structsk_buff *skb);
unsignedshort(*type_trans) (structsk_buff *skb,
structdevice *dev);
#define HAVE_MULTICAST
void(*set_multicast_list)(structdevice *dev,
intnum_addrs,void*addrs);
#define HAVE_SET_MAC_ADDR
int(*set_mac_address)(structdevice *dev,void*addr);
#define HAVE_PRIVATE_IOCTL
int(*do_ioctl)(structdevice *dev,structifreq *ifr,intcmd);
#define HAVE_SET_CONFIG
int(*set_config)(structdevice *dev,structifmap *map);
};dev_init()网络设备的初始化函数如下：
/*
* Initialize the DEV module. At boot time this walks the device list and
* unhooks any devices that fail to initialise (normally hardware not
* present) and leaves us with a valid list of present and active devices.
*
* The PCMCIA code may need to change this a little, and add a pair
* of register_inet_device() unregister_inet_device() calls. This will be
* needed for ethernet as modules support.
*/
voiddev_init(void)
{
structdevice *dev, *dev2;
/*
* Add the devices.
* If the call to dev->init fails, the dev is removed
* from the chain disconnecting the device until the
* next reboot.
*/
dev2 = NULL;
for(dev = dev_base; dev != NULL; dev=dev->next)//循环移除设备由璞傅絛ev_base指向的网络设备链表
{
if(dev->init && dev->init(dev))//如果设备有初始化函数并且初始化失败，则从链表摘除设备(init()函数成功返回0)
{
/*
* It failed to come up. Unhook it.这个函数还挺有技巧性的，从默认配置的设备中扫描不存在的设备，将其移除
*/
if(dev2 == NULL)
dev_base = dev->next;
else
dev2->next = dev->next;
}
else
{
dev2 = dev;
}
}
}这里我们看一下dev_base这个队列是如何定义的，这里我们仅仅看eth网卡的定义方式即可
/* "eth0" defaults to autoprobe (== 0), other use a base of 0xffe0 (== -0x20),
which means "don't probe". These entries exist to only to provide empty
slots which may be enabled at boot-time. */
staticstructdevice eth3_dev = {
"eth3", 0,0,0,0,0xffe0/* I/O base*/, 0,0,0,0, NEXT_DEV, ethif_probe };
staticstructdevice eth2_dev = {
"eth2", 0,0,0,0,0xffe0/* I/O base*/, 0,0,0,0, e3_dev, ethif_probe };
staticstructdevice eth1_dev = {
"eth1", 0,0,0,0,0xffe0/* I/O base*/, 0,0,0,0, e2_dev, ethif_probe };
staticstructdevice eth0_dev = {
"eth0", 0, 0, 0, 0, ETH0_ADDR, ETH0_IRQ, 0, 0, 0, e1_dev, ethif_probe };
# undef NEXT_DEV
# define NEXT_DEV (e0_dev)可以看出eth系列网卡设备的init函数定义为ethif_probe()，该函数会调用具体网卡的探测函数，我们还是以 NS8390 ethernet网卡为例来分析，该网卡的驱动实现文件为drivers/net/ne.c
ethif_probe()函数会调用函数ne_probe()探测函数，而该函数对设备地址进行检查后调用ne_probe1()函数，具体工作有ne_probe1()函数完成。
函数如下：
staticintne_probe1(structdevice *dev,intioaddr)
{
.....................//合法性检查
/* Fixup for users that don't know that IRQ 2 is really IRQ 9,
or don't know which one to set. */
dev->irq = 9;//设置中断类型号
/* Snarf the interrupt now. There's no point in waiting since we cannot
share and the board will usually be enabled. */
{
intirqval = request_irq (dev->irq, ei_interrupt, 0, wordlength==2 ?"ne2000":"ne1000");//注册申请中断，中断处理函数为ei_interrupt
if(irqval) {
printk (" unable to get IRQ %d (irqval=%d).\n", dev->irq, irqval);
returnEAGAIN;
}
}
dev->base_addr = ioaddr;
request_region(ioaddr, NE_IO_EXTENT, wordlength==2 ?"ne2000":"ne1000");//申请内存空间
for(i = 0; i
dev->dev_addr[i] = SA_prom[i];
ethdev_init(dev);//调用函数对dev设备结构体进行初始化
printk("\n%s: %s found at %#x, using IRQ %d.\n",
dev->name, name, ioaddr, dev->irq);
if(ei_debug > 0)
printk(version);
ei_status.name = name;
ei_status.tx_start_page = start_page;
ei_status.stop_page = stop_page;
ei_status.word16 = (wordlength == 2);
ei_status.rx_start_page = start_page + TX_PAGES;
#ifdef PACKETBUF_MEMSIZE
/* Allow the packet buffer size to be overridden by know-it-alls. */
ei_status.stop_page = ei_status.tx_start_page + PACKETBUF_MEMSIZE;
#endif
ei_status.reset_8390 = &ne_reset_8390;
ei_status.block_input = &ne_block_input;
ei_status.block_output = &ne_block_output;
NS8390_init(dev, 0);//配置网卡中的寄存器等到默认状态
return0;
}初始化函数ethdev_init()在文件drivers/net/8390.c中。如下：
/* Initialize the rest of the 8390 device structure. */
intethdev_init(structdevice *dev)
{
if(ei_debug > 1)
printk(version);
if(dev->priv == NULL) {//申请私有空间存储具体网卡的结构体信息
structei_device *ei_local;//8390网卡设备的结构体
dev->priv = kmalloc(sizeof(structei_device), GFP_KERNEL);//申请内核内存空间
memset(dev->priv, 0,sizeof(structei_device));
ei_local = (structei_device *)dev->priv;
#ifndef NO_PINGPONG
ei_local->pingpong = 1;
#endif
}
/* The open call may be overridden by the card-specific code. */
if(dev->open == NULL)
dev->open = &ei_open;//设备的打开函数
/* We should have a dev->stop entry also. */
dev->hard_start_xmit = &ei_start_xmit;//设备的发送函数，定义在8390.c中
dev->get_stats = get_stats;
#ifdef HAVE_MULTICAST
dev->set_multicast_list = &set_multicast_list;
#endif
ether_setup(dev);//进一步调用函数设置dev设备结构体
return0;
}ether_setup()函数的实现如下：
voidether_setup(structdevice *dev)
{
inti;
/* Fill in the fields of the device structure with ethernet-generic values.
This should be in a common file instead of per-driver. */
for(i = 0; i
skb_queue_head_init(&dev->buffs[i]);//缓冲队列初始化
/* register boot-defined "eth" devices */
if(dev->name && (strncmp(dev->name,"eth", 3) == 0)) {//定义eth网卡的名称
i = simple_strtoul(dev->name + 3, NULL, 0);
if(ethdev_index[i] == NULL) {
ethdev_index[i] = dev;
}
elseif(dev != ethdev_index[i]) {
/* Really shouldn't happen! */
printk("ether_setup: Ouch! Someone else took %s\n",
dev->name);
}
}
dev->hard_header = eth_header;//该函数的作用是创建链路层首部，定义在eth.c中
dev->rebuild_header = eth_rebuild_header;//该函数的作用是重建链路层首部，用于ARP协议
dev->type_trans = eth_type_trans;
dev->type = ARPHRD_ETHER;
dev->hard_header_len = ETH_HLEN;
dev->mtu = 1500;/* eth_mtu */
dev->addr_len = ETH_ALEN;
for(i = 0; i
dev->broadcast[i]=0xff;
}
/* New-style flags. */
dev->flags = IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_MULTICAST;
dev->family = AF_INET;
dev->pa_addr = 0;
dev->pa_brdaddr = 0;
dev->pa_mask = 0;
dev->pa_alen =sizeof(unsignedlong);
}这样，网络设备的初始化工作就完成了。
在drivers/net/8390.c中实现了该网卡的设备的基本操作函数，
设备的打开函数ei_open()比较简单，下面列出该设备的发送和接收函数，在这里不做具体的分析，如果想更多了解请点击前面分析过的DM9000网卡驱动，下面给出链接：
ei_start_xmit()
staticintei_start_xmit(structsk_buff *skb,structdevice *dev)
{
inte8390_base = dev->base_addr;
structei_device *ei_local = (structei_device *) dev->priv;
intlength, send_length;
unsignedlongflags;
/*
* We normally shouldn't be called if dev->tbusy is set, but the
* existing code does anyway. If it has been too long since the
* last Tx, we assume the board has died and kick it.
*/
if(dev->tbusy) {/* Do timeouts, just like the 8003 driver. */
inttxsr = inb(e8390_base+EN0_TSR), isr;
inttickssofar = jiffies - dev->trans_start;
if(tickssofar
return1;
}
isr = inb(e8390_base+EN0_ISR);
if(dev->start == 0) {
printk("%s: xmit on stopped card\n", dev->name);
return1;
}
printk(KERN_DEBUG"%s: transmit timed out, TX status %#2x, ISR %#2x.\n",
dev->name, txsr, isr);
/* Does the 8390 thinks it has posted an interrupt? */
if(isr)
printk(KERN_DEBUG"%s: Possible IRQ conflict on IRQ%d?\n", dev->name, dev->irq);
else{
/* The 8390 probably hasn't gotten on the cable yet. */
printk(KERN_DEBUG"%s: Possible network cable problem?\n", dev->name);
if(ei_local->stat.tx_packets==0)
ei_local->interface_num ^= 1;/* Try a different xcvr. */
}
/* Try to restart the card. Perhaps the user has fixed something. */
ei_reset_8390(dev);
NS8390_init(dev, 1);
dev->trans_start = jiffies;
}
/* Sending a NULL skb means some higher layer thinks we've missed an
tx-done interrupt. Caution: dev_tint() handles the cli()/sti()
itself. */
if(skb == NULL) {
dev_tint(dev);
return0;
}
length = skb->len;
if(skb->len <= 0)
return0;
save_flags(flags);
cli();
/* Block a timer-based transmit from overlapping. */
if((set_bit(0, (void*)&dev->tbusy) != 0) || ei_local->irqlock) {
printk("%s: Tx access conflict. irq=%d lock=%d tx1=%d tx2=%d last=%d\n",
dev->name, dev->interrupt, ei_local->irqlock, ei_local->tx1,
ei_local->tx2, ei_local->lasttx);
restore_flags(flags);
return1;
}
/* Mask interrupts from the ethercard. */
outb(0x00, e8390_base + EN0_IMR);
ei_local->irqlock = 1;
restore_flags(flags);
send_length = ETH_ZLEN
if(ei_local->pingpong) {
intoutput_page;
if(ei_local->tx1 == 0) {
output_page = ei_local->tx_start_page;
ei_local->tx1 = send_length;
if(ei_debug && ei_local->tx2 > 0)
printk("%s: idle transmitter tx2=%d, lasttx=%d, txing=%d.\n",
dev->name, ei_local->tx2, ei_local->lasttx,
ei_local->txing);
}elseif(ei_local->tx2 == 0) {
output_page = ei_local->tx_start_page + 6;
ei_local->tx2 = send_length;
if(ei_debug && ei_local->tx1 > 0)
printk("%s: idle transmitter, tx1=%d, lasttx=%d, txing=%d.\n",
dev->name, ei_local->tx1, ei_local->lasttx,
ei_local->txing);
}else{/* We should never get here. */
if(ei_debug)
printk("%s: No Tx buffers free. irq=%d tx1=%d tx2=%d last=%d\n",
dev->name, dev->interrupt, ei_local->tx1,
ei_local->tx2, ei_local->lasttx);
ei_local->irqlock = 0;
dev->tbusy = 1;
outb_p(ENISR_ALL, e8390_base + EN0_IMR);
return1;
}
ei_block_output(dev, length, skb->data, output_page);
if(! ei_local->txing) {
ei_local->txing = 1;
NS8390_trigger_send(dev, send_length, output_page);
dev->trans_start = jiffies;
if(output_page == ei_local->tx_start_page)
ei_local->tx1 = -1, ei_local->lasttx = -1;
else
ei_local->tx2 = -1, ei_local->lasttx = -2;
}else
ei_local->txqueue++;
dev->tbusy = (ei_local->tx1 && ei_local->tx2);
}else{/* No pingpong, just a single Tx buffer. */
ei_block_output(dev, length, skb->data, ei_local->tx_start_page);
ei_local->txing = 1;
NS8390_trigger_send(dev, send_length, ei_local->tx_start_page);
dev->trans_start = jiffies;
dev->tbusy = 1;
}
/* Turn 8390 interrupts back on. */
ei_local->irqlock = 0;
outb_p(ENISR_ALL, e8390_base + EN0_IMR);
dev_kfree_skb (skb, FREE_WRITE);
return0;
}ei_receive()函数
staticvoidei_receive(structdevice *dev)
{
inte8390_base = dev->base_addr;
structei_device *ei_local = (structei_device *) dev->priv;
intrxing_page, this_frame, next_frame, current_offset;
intrx_pkt_count = 0;
structe8390_pkt_hdr rx_frame;
intnum_rx_pages = ei_local->stop_page-ei_local->rx_start_page;
while(++rx_pkt_count
intpkt_len;
/* Get the rx page (incoming packet pointer). */
outb_p(E8390_NODMA+E8390_PAGE1, e8390_base + E8390_CMD);
rxing_page = inb_p(e8390_base + EN1_CURPAG);
outb_p(E8390_NODMA+E8390_PAGE0, e8390_base + E8390_CMD);
/* Remove one frame from the ring. Boundary is always a page behind. */
this_frame = inb_p(e8390_base + EN0_BOUNDARY) + 1;
if(this_frame >= ei_local->stop_page)
this_frame = ei_local->rx_start_page;
/* Someday we'll omit the previous, iff we never get this message.
(There is at least one clone claimed to have a problem.) */
if(ei_debug > 0 && this_frame != ei_local->current_page)
printk("%s: mismatched read page pointers %2x vs %2x.\n",
dev->name, this_frame, ei_local->current_page);
if(this_frame == rxing_page)/* Read all the frames? */
break;/* Done for now */
current_offset = this_frame <
ei_block_input(dev,sizeof(rx_frame), (char*)&rx_frame,
current_offset);
pkt_len = rx_frame.count -sizeof(rx_frame);
next_frame = this_frame + 1 + ((pkt_len+4)>>8);
/* Check for bogosity warned by 3c503 book: the status byte is never
written. This happened a lot during testing! This code should be
cleaned up someday. */
if(rx_frame.next != next_frame
&& rx_frame.next != next_frame + 1
&& rx_frame.next != next_frame - num_rx_pages
&& rx_frame.next != next_frame + 1 - num_rx_pages) {
ei_local->current_page = rxing_page;
outb(ei_local->current_page-1, e8390_base+EN0_BOUNDARY);
ei_local->stat.rx_errors++;
continue;
}
if(pkt_len 1518) {
if(ei_debug)
printk("%s: bogus packet size: %d, status=%#2x nxpg=%#2x.\n",
dev->name, rx_frame.count, rx_frame.status,
rx_frame.next);
ei_local->stat.rx_errors++;
}elseif((rx_frame.status & 0x0F) == ENRSR_RXOK) {
structsk_buff *skb;
skb = alloc_skb(pkt_len, GFP_ATOMIC);
if(skb == NULL) {
if(ei_debug > 1)
printk("%s: Couldn't allocate a sk_buff of size %d.\n",
dev->name, pkt_len);
ei_local->stat.rx_dropped++;
break;
}else{
skb->len = pkt_len;
skb->dev = dev;
ei_block_input(dev, pkt_len, (char*) skb->data,
current_offset +sizeof(rx_frame));
netif_rx(skb);
ei_local->stat.rx_packets++;
}
}else{
interrs = rx_frame.status;
if(ei_debug)
printk("%s: bogus packet: status=%#2x nxpg=%#2x size=%d\n",
dev->name, rx_frame.status, rx_frame.next,
rx_frame.count);
if(errs & ENRSR_FO)
ei_local->stat.rx_fifo_errors++;
}
next_frame = rx_frame.next;
/* This _should_ never happen: it's here for avoiding bad clones. */
if(next_frame >= ei_local->stop_page) {
printk("%s: next frame inconsistency, %#2x\n", dev->name,
next_frame);
next_frame = ei_local->rx_start_page;
}
ei_local->current_page = next_frame;
outb_p(next_frame-1, e8390_base+EN0_BOUNDARY);
}
/* If any worth-while packets have been received, dev_rint()
has done a mark_bh(NET_BH) for us and will work on them
when we get to the bottom-half routine. */
/* Record the maximum Rx packet queue. */
if(rx_pkt_count > high_water_mark)
high_water_mark = rx_pkt_count;
/* Bug alert! Reset ENISR_OVER to avoid spurious overruns! */
outb_p(ENISR_RX+ENISR_RX_ERR+ENISR_OVER, e8390_base+EN0_ISR);
return;
}
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