linux 内核 make docs,Linux 内核的编译系统

Linux  的编译使用 GNU make 工具来检查整个系统的文件和调用 gcc 工具以及脚本完毕编译源码生成 image 等操作。要了解整个编译系统，我们首先要了解 Linux 内核的 Makefile 文件。

Linux 的 编译系统包含 5 个部分

Makefile

顶层的 Makefile 文件

.config

内核配置文件

arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile

平台 Makefile 文件

scripts/Makefile.*

脚本规则

kbuild Makefiles

大概 500 多个其它的 Makefile 文件

Makefile

查看版本号

在内核源码的根文件夹有一个 Makefile 文件，这是编译内核的入口，无论运行配置还是编译，make 命令首先读取这个文件。这个文件首先指明了内核的版本号：

我们这里是 3.10

VERSION = 3

PATCHLEVEL = 10

SUBLEVEL = 0

EXTRAVERSION =

NAME = Unicycling Gorilla

处理參数

然后处理 command line ，一共同拥有 5  个 command line

V : 设定编译时，输出信息的等级，比如你能够用 make V=1， 查看编译时运行的全部命令，包含 gcc 參数都会打印出来

C :  代码检查，使用 sparse，检查源文件。

M : 指定不在当前文件夹(外部模块)的编译，也能够指定当前文件夹的子文件夹，那么将仅仅会编译子文件夹的内容

O ：指定编译生成的目标文件位置，当设置了 O 參数，内核生成的 obj 和 builtin 文件都会依照文件夹结构组织到 O 參数指定的文件夹里面

W： 使能外部 gcc 检查

这几个命令參数，在特定的情况下，将会很实用，比方我们想编译一个单独的模块就常常使用 M 參数，用 M 指定模块的路径，make 的时候将会不编译整个内核，而编译我们须要的模块：(M 參数会覆盖  KBUILD_EXTMOD 变量)

make M=drivers/misc/

LD drivers/misc/eeprom/built-in.o

CC [M] drivers/misc/eeprom/eeprom_93cx6.o

LD drivers/misc/built-in.o

Building modules, stage 2.

MODPOST 1 modules

CC drivers/misc/eeprom/eeprom_93cx6.mod.o

LD [M] drivers/misc/eeprom/eeprom_93cx6.ko

O 參数的指定，会改变整个编译出来的文件的结构，比如哦我们有多个平台要编译，你就须要为每一个平台 clone 一份内核代码了，仅仅须要设置不同的输出路径就可以：

make O=atmel，  make O=asus  (O 參数会覆盖 KBUILD_OUTPUT 变量)，对应的文件也会生成在目标路径下，比如 uImage 就在 atmel/arch/arm/boot/uImage

获取信息

接下来系统就会获取交叉编译环境和选择不同的 gcc 和 bin 工具集

ARCH ?= $(SUBARCH)

CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(CONFIG_CROSS_COMPILE:"%"=%)

arch 变量设置目标平台， cross compile 设置交叉编译链。

伪目标

当系统信息获取成功，就能够运行编译命令了，每个伪目标都能够作为一个编译命令：(大概有 40 个左右的伪目标)，可是我们会使用到的并没有这么多，能够用 make help 查看我们使用的编译命令：

make help

Cleaning targets:

clean - Remove most generated files but keep the config and

enough build support to build external modules

mrproper - Remove all generated files + config + various backup files

distclean - mrproper + remove editor backup and patch files

Configuration targets:

config - Update current config utilising a line-oriented program

nconfig - Update current config utilising a ncurses menu based program

menuconfig - Update current config utilising a menu based program

xconfig - Update current config utilising a QT based front-end

gconfig - Update current config utilising a GTK based front-end

oldconfig - Update current config utilising a provided .config as base

localmodconfig - Update current config disabling modules not loaded

localyesconfig - Update current config converting local mods to core

silentoldconfig - Same as oldconfig, but quietly, additionally update deps

defconfig - New config with default from ARCH supplied defconfig

savedefconfig - Save current config as ./defconfig (minimal config)

allnoconfig - New config where all options are answered with no

allyesconfig - New config where all options are accepted with yes

allmodconfig - New config selecting modules when possible

alldefconfig - New config with all symbols set to default

randconfig - New config with random answer to all options

listnewconfig - List new options

olddefconfig - Same as silentoldconfig but sets new symbols to their default value

Other generic targets:

all - Build all targets marked with [*]

* vmlinux - Build the bare kernel

* modules - Build all modules

modules_install - Install all modules to INSTALL_MOD_PATH (default: /)

firmware_install- Install all firmware to INSTALL_FW_PATH

(default: $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/firmware)

dir/ - Build all files in dir and below

dir/file.[oisS] - Build specified target only

dir/file.lst - Build specified mixed source/assembly target only

(requires a recent binutils and recent build (System.map))

dir/file.ko - Build module including final link

modules_prepare - Set up for building external modules

tags/TAGS - Generate tags file for editors

cscope - Generate cscope index

gtags - Generate GNU GLOBAL index

kernelrelease - Output the release version string

kernelversion - Output the version stored in Makefile

headers_install - Install sanitised kernel headers to INSTALL_HDR_PATH

(default: /media/android/jiangxd/workspace/Miura/kernel/usr)

Static analysers

checkstack - Generate a list of stack hogs

namespacecheck - Name space analysis on compiled kernel

versioncheck - Sanity check on version.h usage

includecheck - Check for duplicate included header files

export_report - List the usages of all exported symbols

headers_check - Sanity check on exported headers

headerdep - Detect inclusion cycles in headers

coccicheck - Check with Coccinelle.

Kernel packaging:

rpm-pkg - Build both source and binary RPM kernel packages

binrpm-pkg - Build only the binary kernel package

deb-pkg - Build the kernel as a deb package

tar-pkg - Build the kernel as an uncompressed tarball

targz-pkg - Build the kernel as a gzip compressed tarball

tarbz2-pkg - Build the kernel as a bzip2 compressed tarball

tarxz-pkg - Build the kernel as a xz compressed tarball

perf-tar-src-pkg - Build perf-3.10.0.tar source tarball

perf-targz-src-pkg - Build perf-3.10.0.tar.gz source tarball

perf-tarbz2-src-pkg - Build perf-3.10.0.tar.bz2 source tarball

perf-tarxz-src-pkg - Build perf-3.10.0.tar.xz source tarball

Documentation targets:

Linux kernel internal documentation in different formats:

htmldocs - HTML

pdfdocs - PDF

psdocs - Postscript

xmldocs - XML DocBook

mandocs - man pages

installmandocs - install man pages generated by mandocs

cleandocs - clean all generated DocBook files

Architecture specific targets (arm):

* zImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/arm/boot/zImage)

Image - Uncompressed kernel image (arch/arm/boot/Image)

* xipImage - XIP kernel image, if configured (arch/arm/boot/xipImage)

uImage - U-Boot wrapped zImage

bootpImage - Combined zImage and initial RAM disk

(supply initrd image via make variable INITRD=)

* dtbs - Build device tree blobs for enabled boards

install - Install uncompressed kernel

zinstall - Install compressed kernel

uinstall - Install U-Boot wrapped compressed kernel

Install using (your) ~/bin/installkernel or

(distribution) /sbin/installkernel or

install to $(INSTALL_PATH) and run lilo

内容很之多。这里仅仅介绍几个经常使用的：

make menuconfig  图形化配置 config

make uImage          编译生成 uImage

make clean              删除大部分生成的文件，可是保留配置，以便能够编译模块

make distclean       删除全部生成的文件，补丁和配置，以及一些备份文件

make mrproper       删除全部生成的文件，补丁和配置

总的来说，顶层 Makefile 文件读取 config 文件生成 Linux 的两大目标文件 vmlinux 和 模块文件