---- 整理自狄泰软件唐佐林老师课程
1. 问题一
统计对象中某个成员变量的访问次数
1.1 遗失的关键字
mutable是为了突破const函数的限制而设计的
mutable成员变量将永远处于可改变的状态
mutable在实际的项目开发中被严禁滥用
1.2 mutable的深入分析
mutable成员变量破坏了只读对象的内部状态
const成员函数保证只读对象的状态不变性
mutable成员变量的出现无法保证状态不变性
1.3 编程实验：成员变量的访问统计
怎么避免使用mutable，如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
int * const m_pCount;
/* mutable int m_count; */
public:
Test(int value = 0) : m_pCount(new int(0))
{
m_value = value;
/* m_count = 0; */
}
int getValue() const
{
/* m_count++; */
*m_pCount = *m_pCount + 1;
return m_value;
}
void setValue(int value)
{
/* m_count++; */
*m_pCount = *m_pCount + 1;
m_value = value;
}
int getCount() const
{
/* return m_count; */
return *m_pCount;
}
~Test()
{
delete m_pCount;
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test t;
t.setValue(100);
cout << "t.m_value = " << t.getValue() << endl;
cout << "t.m_count = " << t.getCount() << endl;
const Test ct(200);
cout << "ct.m_value = " << ct.getValue() << endl;
cout << "ct.m_count = " << ct.getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}
2. 问题二
new关键字创建出来的对象位于什么地方？
2.1 被忽略的事实
- new / delete的本质是C++预定义的操作符
- C++对这两个操作符做了严格的行为定义
- new：
- 获取足够大的内存空间（默认为堆空间）
- 在获取的空间中 调用构造函数创建对象
- delete：
- 调用析构函数销毁对象
- 归还对象所占用的空间（默认为堆空间）
- new：
2.2 C++中能够重载new/delete操作符
全局重载（不推荐）
局部重载（针对具体类进行重载）
- 重载new/delete的意义在于改变动态对象创建时的内存分配方式（可以换静态存储区，不放在堆空间中）
2.3 new/delete的重载方式
2.4 编程实验：静态存储区中创建动态对象
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
static const unsigned int COUNT = 4;
static char c_buffer[];
static char c_map[];
int m_value;
public:
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
for(int i=0; i<COUNT; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
return ret;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < COUNT) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
}
};
char Test::c_buffer[sizeof(Test) * Test::COUNT] = {0};
char Test::c_map[Test::COUNT] = {0};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test;
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test;
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
delete pa[i];
}
return 0;
}
3. 问题三
如何在指定的地址上创建C++对象？
3.1 解决方案
在类中重载new/delete操作符
在new的操作符重载函数中返回指定的地址
在delete操作符重载中标记对应的地址可用
3.2 编程实验：自定义动态对象的存储空间
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
static unsigned int c_count;
static char* c_buffer;
static char* c_map;
int m_value;
public:
static bool SetMemorySource(char* memory, unsigned int size)
{
bool ret = false;
c_count = size / sizeof(Test);
ret = (c_count && (c_map = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(c_count, sizeof(char)))));
if( ret )
{
c_buffer = memory;
}
else
{
free(c_map);
c_map = NULL;
c_buffer = NULL;
c_count = 0;
}
return ret;
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
if( c_count > 0 )
{
for(int i=0; i<c_count; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
}
else
{
ret = malloc(size);
}
return ret;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
if( c_count > 0 )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < c_count) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
else
{
free(p);
}
}
}
};
unsigned int Test::c_count = 0;
char* Test::c_buffer = NULL;
char* Test::c_map = NULL;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char buffer[12] = {0};
Test::SetMemorySource(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test;
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test;
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
delete pa[i];
}
return 0;
}
3.3 new[] / delete[] 与 new / delete 完全不同
动态对象数组创建通过new[] 完成
动态对象数组的销毁通过delete[] 完成
new[] / delete[] 能够被重载，进而改变内存管理方式
3.4 new[] / delete[] 的重载方式
3.5 注意事项
- new[] 实际需要返回的内存空间 可能比期望的要 多
- 对象数组占用的内存中 需要保存数组信息
- 数组信息用于确定构造函数和析构函数的调用次数
3.6 编程实验：动态数组的内存管理
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test()
{
m_value = 0;
}
~Test()
{
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test* pt = NULL;
pt = new Test;
delete pt;
pt = new Test[5];
delete[] pt;
return 0;
}
4. 小结
- new / delete 的本质为操作符
- 可以通过全局函数重载 new / delete （不推荐）
- 可以针对具体的类重载 new / delete
- new[] / delete[] 与 new / delete 完全不同
- new[] / delete[] 也是可以被重载的操作符
- new[] 返回的内存空间可能比期望的要多
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