c语言类和继承的简单例子,c语言中继承和多态的简单实现

C语言本身是不支持继承和多态的，但其实在 C 的世界里，有一套非常有名的面向对象的框架，用的也非常广，那就是 GObject，它是整个图形界面开发库 GTK 的基石，在IBM developerWorks上有一篇很好的文章介绍 GObject《GObject对象系统》。另外，在 Linux 内核里面也大量使用了面向对象的思想，比如虚拟文件系统，设备驱动等模块，在 lwn上有两篇文章就讲到了内核中的面向对象，详细请看：《Object oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 1》，《Object oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 2》。

c语言里继承和多态的实现主要通过函数指针来实现，现在我们就来动手实现C语言的继承与多态，我们以比较经典的动物世界中的实例来举例：假设动物们(包括人)都会吃(Eat)，会走(Walk)，会说(Talk),而派生类为 dog(汪星人) 和 cat(喵星人)，当然还可以是更多，dog 和 cat 都有自己独特的 eat, walk 和 talk 方式，那么大致的代码如下：

基类代码 animal-base.h|c:

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: animal-base.h

*

* Description: animal base class.

*

*

* =============================================================================*/#ifndef _ANIMAL_H_#define _ANIMAL_H_typedefstructanimal_s_ animal_t;

typedefstructanimal_ops_s_ animal_ops_t;/*动物类，是所有动物类的基类,也是抽象类*/

structanimal_s_ {char *name; /*< 动物的名称*/animal_ops_t*animal_ops; /*动物的基本行为*/};/*动物的基本行为*/

structanimal_ops_s_ {/*动物吃了什么食物*/

void (*eat)(char *food);/*动物走了多少步*/

void (*walk)(intsteps);/*动物在说什么*/

void (*talk)(char *msg);

};/*基类的构造函数，需要显示调用*/

extern animal_t * animal_init(char *name);/*基类的有关操作，如吃，走，说等等*/

extern void animal_eat(animal_t *animal, char *food);extern void animal_walk(animal_t *animal, intsteps);extern void animal_talk(animal_t *animal, char *msg);/*基类的析构函数，需要显示调用*/

extern void animal_die(animal_t *animal);#endif /* _ANIMAL_H_ */

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: animal-base.c

*

* Description: animal base class.

*

* =============================================================================*/#include#include#include#include"animal-base.h"

/*基类的构造函数，需要显示调用*/animal_t* animal_init(char *name)

{

assert(name!=NULL);

size_t name_len=strlen(name);

animal_t*animal = (animal_t *)malloc(sizeof(animal_t)+ sizeof(animal_ops_t) + name_len + 1);

memset(animal,0, (sizeof(animal_t) + sizeof(animal_ops_t)+ name_len + 1));

animal->name = (char *)animal + sizeof(animal_t);

memcpy(animal, name, name_len);

animal->animal_ops = (animal_ops_t *)((char *)animal+ sizeof(animal_t) + name_len + 1);returnanimal;

}/*基类的有关操作，如吃，走，说等等*/

void animal_eat(animal_t *animal, char *food)

{

animal->animal_ops->eat(food);return;

}void animal_walk(animal_t *animal, intsteps)

{

animal->animal_ops->walk(steps);return;

}void animal_talk(animal_t *animal, char *msg)

{

animal->animal_ops->talk(msg);return;

}/*基类的析构函数，需要显示调用*/

void animal_die(animal_t *animal)

{

assert(animal!=NULL);

free(animal);return;

}

汪星人 dog 类的实现代码：

#include "animal-base.h"typedefstructdog_s_ dog_t;structdog_s_ {

animal_tbase; /*继承自 animal 基类*/

/*以下还可以添加与 dog 相关的属性和方法(函数指针), 如:*/

/*char *owner; // dog 的主人*/

/*void (*hunt)(const char *rabbit); // 猎兔犬*/};extern dog_t *dog_init();extern void dog_die(dog_t * dog);

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: dog.c

*

* Description: dog class derived from animal base class.

*

* =============================================================================*/#include#include#include#include#include"dog.h"

static void eat(char *food);static void walk(intsteps);static void talk(char *msg);

dog_t*dog_init()

{

dog_t*dog = (dog_t *)malloc(sizeof(dog_t));

animal_t*animal = (animal_t *)animal_init("doggggggggggggg");

memcpy(&(dog->base), animal, sizeof(animal_t));

dog->base.animal_ops->eat =eat;

dog->base.animal_ops->walk =walk;

dog->base.animal_ops->talk =talk;

free(animal);returndog;

}void dog_die(dog_t *dog)

{/*nothing to do here.*/}static void eat(char *food)

{

printf("I'm a dog, I eat %s\n", food);

}static void walk(intsteps)

{

printf("I'm a dog, I can jump %d steps one time\n", steps);

}static void talk(char *msg)

{

printf("I'm a dog, I talk my language %s\n", msg);

}

喵星人(cat 类) 的实现代码：

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: cat.h

*

* Description: cat class derived from animal base class.

*

* =============================================================================*/#include"animal-base.h"typedefstructcat_s_ cat_t;structcat_s_ {

animal_tbase; /*继承自 animal 基类*/

/*以下还可以添加与 cat 相关的属性和方法(函数指针), 如:*/

/*char *owner; // cat 的主人*/

/*void (*hunt)(const char *rabbit); // 猎兔犬*/};extern cat_t *cat_init();extern void cat_die(cat_t * cat);

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: cat.c

*

* Description: cat class derived from animal base class.

* =============================================================================*/#include#include#include#include#include"cat.h"

static void eat(char *food);static void walk(intsteps);static void talk(char *msg);

cat_t*cat_init()

{

cat_t*cat = (cat_t *)malloc(sizeof(cat_t));

animal_t*animal = (animal_t *)animal_init("cat");

memcpy(&(cat->base), animal, sizeof(animal_t));

cat->base.animal_ops->eat =eat;

cat->base.animal_ops->walk =walk;

cat->base.animal_ops->talk =talk;

free(animal);returncat;

}void cat_die(cat_t *cat)

{/*nothing to do here.*/}static void eat(char *food)

{

printf("I'm a cat, I eat %s\n", food);

}static void walk(intsteps)

{

printf("I'm a cat, I can jump %d steps one time\n", steps);

}static void talk(char *msg)

{

printf("I'm a cat, I talk my language %s\n", msg);

}

最后，测试代码如下：

/** =============================================================================

*

* Filename: main.c

*

* Description: main test.

*

*

* =============================================================================*/#include#include"animal-base.h"#include"dog.h"#include"cat.h"

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])

{

dog_t*dog =dog_init();

cat_t*cat =cat_init();/*dog 类测试*/animal_eat(dog,"bones");

animal_walk(dog,5);

animal_talk(dog,"wuang wuang wuang...");/*cat 类测试*/animal_eat(cat,"fish");

animal_walk(cat,3);

animal_talk(cat,"miao miao miao...");

}

还有Makefile ：

all:main

main:main.o dog.ocat.o animal-base.ogcc -o $@ $^main.o:main.ccat.o:cat.c

dog.o:dog.c

animal-base.o:animal-base.c

.PHONY:clean

clean:rm main main.o dog.o cat.o animal-base.o

最后执行结果为：

I'm a dog, I eat bones

I'm a dog, I can jump 5 steps one time

I'm a dog, I talk my language wuang wuang wuang...

I'm a cat, I eat fish

I'm a cat, I can jump 3 steps one time

I'm a cat, I talk my language miao miao miao...