我不生产知识,我只是知识的搬运工。努力通过实践与各位博友交流一些自己的见解。
引文:
由于cpu和磁盘等存储设备的处理速度的差异,巧妙的io设计能够极大的提升工作效率。从硬件设计角度包括 SPOOLING(假脱机)技术(实现独占设备的共享),DMA(通过中断的方式实现内存到磁盘的传输通道)大大降低了io传输到cpu的调用和阻塞,通道IO(有自己的指令和程序,相比DMA有更强的独立处理数据能力。并且可以控制多台同类或不同类的设备)。————来自王道考研操作系统
总结:硬件实现cpu与磁盘的尽可能独立运行,磁盘读取尽可能少的通过中断程序来获取cpu的执行权。
解决了单个IO的CPU和磁盘独立运行,我们来看下多个IO连接时,操作系统如何优化? 也就是多个io链接如何管理的问题。IO作为计算机的核心功能,用户只能通过系统调用实现用户态到内核态的切换来读写磁盘数据。传统io 每建立一个io链接就要新建一个线程阻塞在当前操作中,在IO密集型任务中会大大降低CPU的利用率。通过IO复用监听多个文件描述符来提升程序的性能。
注意:IO复用虽然能同时监听多个文件描述符,但它本身是阻塞的。并且当多个文件描述符同时就绪时,如果不采取额外的措施,程序就只能按顺序依次处理其中的每一个文件描述符,这使得程序看起来就像是串行工作。如果要实现并发,只能使用多线程和多进程等编程手段。————来自Linux高性能服务器编程
理论知识:
select,poll和epoll的区别
系统调用
select
poll
epoll
事件集合
用户通过3个参数分别传入感兴趣的可读,可写和异常等事件,内核通过对这些参数的在线修改来反馈其中的就绪事件。这使得用户每次调用select都要重置这3个参数
统一处理所有事件类型,因此只需一个事件集参数。用户通过pollfd.events传入感兴趣的事件,内核通过修改polld.revents反馈其中就绪的事件
内核通过一个时间表直接管理用户感兴趣的所有事件。因此每次调用epoll_wait时,无需反复传入用户感兴趣的事件。epoll_wait系统调用的参数events仅用来反馈就绪的事件
应用程序索引就绪文件描述符的事件复杂度
O(n)
O(n)
O(1)
最大支持文件描述符数
有最大值限制(内核默认值为1024)
65535
65535
工作模式
LT
LT
支持ET高效模式
内核实现和工作效率
采用轮询方法来检测就绪事件,算法事件复杂度为O(n)
采用轮询方法来检测就绪事件,算法事件复杂度为O(n)
采用回调方法来检测就绪事件,算法事件复杂度为O(n)
系统调用API的演进路线:select————》poll(事件处理统一,编程接口更简洁。不需要重置参数)————》epoll(使用回调替换轮询机制,降低事件复杂度为O(1))
注意:当活动链接比较多的时候,epoll_wait的效率未必比selelct和poll高,因为此时回调函数出发得过于频繁。所有epoll_wait适用于连接数量多,但活动链接少的情况。
实践代码:
聊天室程序:
服务端:
/***@author: ljf
* @date: 2020/12/29 19:25
* @description: 聊天室服务端
* 功能:
* 1.数据转发broadcast
* 功能推导类属性:
* 1.userNames
* 2.userThreads
* 3.port 监听端口
*
* accept阻塞监听客户端的链接,将链接添加到userNames,userThreads并启动用户线程接收数据
* 服务端的userThread只用来转发数据,read and write
* TODO:多个客户端同时退出的并发问题, 客户端正常段开时给服务器能够检测到。同时给其他客户端发信息
* socket全双工通信
* @modified By:
*@version: $ 1.0*/
public classChatServer {private final intport;private final HashSet userNames = new HashSet<>();private final HashSet userThreads = new HashSet<>();public AtomicInteger connectedCount = new AtomicInteger(0);public ChatServer(intport) {this.port =port;
}public voidexecute() {//监听端口
try (ServerSocket serverSocket = newServerSocket(port)) {
System.out.println("chat server listening on port:" +port);while (true) {//创建服务端进程,accept阻塞监听
Socket clientSocket =serverSocket.accept();
UserThread newUser= new UserThread(clientSocket, this);
userThreads.add(newUser);
newUser.start();
}
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}public static voidmain(String[] args) {int port = 12345;
ChatServer chatServer= newChatServer(port);
chatServer.execute();
}public voidbroadMessage(String serverMessage, UserThread userThread) {for(UserThread user : userThreads) {if (user != null && user != userThread) { //除当前用户
user.sendMessage(serverMessage);
}
}
}public SetgetUserNames() {return this.userNames;
}/*** 删除用户,删除userName和userThread*/
public voidremoveUser(String user, UserThread userThread) {boolean removed =userNames.remove(user);if(removed) {
userThreads.remove(userThread);
System.out.println(user+ " quit group chat");
}
}public booleanhasUsers() {return !this.userNames.isEmpty();
}public voidaddUserName(String userName) {this.userNames.add(userName);
}
}
View Code
服务端每创建一个socket链接,就创建一个用户线程:
import java.io.*;importjava.net.Socket;/***@author: ljf
* @date: 2020/12/29 19:34
* @description: 服务端socket线程,用来向客户端转发消息
* @modified By:
*@version: $ 1.0*/
public class UserThread extendsThread {private finalSocket clientSocket;privatePrintWriter printWriter;private String userName; //客户端创建时输入用户名,网络传输获取
private finalChatServer chatServer;publicUserThread(Socket clientSocket, ChatServer chatServer) {this.clientSocket =clientSocket;this.chatServer =chatServer;
}publicString getUserName() {return this.userName;
}
@Overridepublic voidrun() {
String serverMessage;try{
OutputStream outputStream=clientSocket.getOutputStream();
printWriter= new PrintWriter(outputStream,true);//阻塞监听客户端发来的消息,然后转发给其他客户端
InputStream inputStream =clientSocket.getInputStream();
BufferedReader bufferedReader= new BufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(inputStream));
printUsers();//首条消息是 客户端姓名
userName =bufferedReader.readLine();
chatServer.addUserName(userName);
System.out.println("connectedCount: " +chatServer.connectedCount.getAndIncrement()+ " new user connected: " +userName);
serverMessage= "new user " + userName + " connected";
chatServer.broadMessage(serverMessage,this);//read 阻塞,直到客户端发来"bye"消息,断开连接
String clientMessage;while (!(clientMessage = bufferedReader.readLine()).equals("bye")) {//拼接上当前socket的用户,转发给其他用户
serverMessage = "[" + userName + "]: " +clientMessage;
chatServer.broadMessage(serverMessage,this);
}
}catch(IOException e) {//e.printStackTrace();
System.err.println(e.getMessage());
}finally{//与客户端socket断开连接
chatServer.removeUser(userName, this);if(clientSocket!=null &&clientSocket.isConnected()){try{
clientSocket.shutdownOutput();//立即关闭输出流
clientSocket.close();
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}//转发我离开的消息
serverMessage = userName + " has quited";
chatServer.broadMessage(serverMessage,this);
}
}/*** 向新链接的客户端发送当前服务器的用户列表*/
public voidprintUsers() {if(chatServer.hasUsers()) {
printWriter.println("connected users: " +chatServer.getUserNames());
}else{
printWriter.println("no other users connected");
}
}/*** 向客户端发送消息
*
*@parammessage:消息内容*/
public voidsendMessage(String message) {
printWriter.println(message);
}
}
View Code
客户端:
public classChatClient {private volatileString userName;private finalString hostName;private final intport;private volatile boolean closed = false;public ChatClient(String hostName,intport){this.hostName =hostName;this.port =port;
}public static voidmain(String[] args) {
String hostName= "localhost";int port = 12345;
ChatClient chatClient= newChatClient(hostName, port);
chatClient.execute();
}/*** 与服务端建立连接*/
public voidexecute(){try{//必须输入用户名字后才能创建socket
Scanner scanner = newScanner(System.in);
System.out.print("\nEnter your name: ");
userName=scanner.nextLine();
Socket clientSocket= newSocket(hostName, port);
System.out.println("connected to chat server");new ReadThread(clientSocket,this).start();new WriteThread(clientSocket,this).start();
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}public voidsetClosed(){
closed= true;
}public booleanisClosed(){returnclosed;
}publicString getUserName() {returnuserName;
}
}
客户端socket读线程
importjava.io.BufferedReader;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.io.InputStream;importjava.io.InputStreamReader;importjava.net.Socket;importjava.net.SocketException;/***@author: ljf
* @date: 2020/12/29 20:55
* @description:
* @modified By:
*@version: $ 1.0*/
public class ReadThread extendsThread{private finalChatClient chatClient;private finalSocket clientSocket;publicReadThread(Socket clientSocket,ChatClient chatClient){this.chatClient =chatClient;this.clientSocket =clientSocket;
}
@Overridepublic voidrun() {while (!chatClient.isClosed()) {try{
InputStream inputStream=clientSocket.getInputStream();
BufferedReader bufferedReader= new BufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(inputStream));
String response=bufferedReader.readLine();
System.out.println("\n" +response);//prints the username after displaying the server's message
if (chatClient.getUserName() != null) {
System.out.print("[" + chatClient.getUserName() + "]: ");
}
}catch (SocketException se){ //TODO:正常退出替代这里
System.out.println("quit");
System.err.println(se.getMessage());break;
}catch(IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Error reading from server: " +ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();break;
}
}
}
}
客户端socket写线程
importjava.io.IOException;importjava.io.OutputStream;importjava.io.PrintWriter;importjava.net.Socket;importjava.util.Scanner;/***@author: ljf
* @date: 2020/12/29 20:59
* @description:
* @modified By:
*@version: $ 1.0*/
public class WriteThread extendsThread {private finalChatClient chatClient;private finalSocket clientSocket;privatePrintWriter printWriter;publicWriteThread(Socket clientSocket, ChatClient chatClient) {this.chatClient =chatClient;this.clientSocket =clientSocket;try{
OutputStream outputStream=clientSocket.getOutputStream();
printWriter= new PrintWriter(outputStream,true);
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Overridepublic voidrun() {
Scanner scanner= newScanner(System.in);
String userName=chatClient.getUserName();
printWriter.println(userName);
String text;//System.out.print("[" + userName + "]: ");
while (!(text = scanner.nextLine()).equals("bye")) {
printWriter.println(text);
System.out.print("[" + userName + "]: ");
}try{
printWriter.println(text);
clientSocket.close();
}catch(IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Error writing to server: " +ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
TODO:当前是用传统io流实现,后期加入nio,零拷贝。