python mysql jion_图解数据库中的各种 JOIN

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下文将使用两个数据库表 Table_A 和 Table_B 来进行示例讲解，其结构与数据分别如下：

mysql> SELECT * FROM Table_A ORDER BY PK ASC;

+----+---------+

| PK | Value |

+----+---------+

| 1 | both ab |

| 2 | only a |

+----+---------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from Table_B ORDER BY PK ASC;

+----+---------+

| PK | Value |

+----+---------+

| 1 | both ab |

| 3 | only b |

+----+---------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

其中 PK 为 1 的记录在 Table_A 和 Table_B 中都有，2 为 Table_A 特有，3 为 Table_B 特有。

常用的 JOIN：

1、INNER JOIN

INNER JOIN 一般被译作内连接。内连接查询能将左表(表 A)和右表(表 B)中能关联起来的数据连接后返回。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

INNER JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK;

查询结果：

+------+------+---------+---------+

| A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |

+------+------+---------+---------+

| 1 | 1 | both ab | both ab |

+------+------+---------+---------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

注：其中 A 为 Table_A 的别名，B 为 Table_B 的别名，下同。

2、LEFT JOIN

LEFT JOIN 一般被译作左连接，也写作 LEFT OUTER JOIN。左连接查询会返回左表(表 A)中所有记录，不管右表(表 B)中有没有关联的数据。在右表中找到的关联数据列也会被一起返回。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

LEFT JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK;

查询结果：

+------+------+---------+---------+

| A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |

+------+------+---------+---------+

| 1 | 1 | both ab | both ba |

| 2 | NULL | only a | NULL |

+------+------+---------+---------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3、RIGHT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN 一般被译作右连接，也写作 RIGHT OUTER JOIN。右连接查询会返回右表(表 B)中所有记录，不管左表(表 A)中有没有关联的数据。在左表中找到的关联数据列也会被一起返回。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

RIGHT JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK;

查询结果：

+------+------+---------+---------+

| A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |

+------+------+---------+---------+

| 1 | 1 | both ab | both ba |

| NULL | 3 | NULL | only b |

+------+------+---------+---------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4、FULL OUTER JOIN

FULL OUTER JOIN 一般被译作外连接、全连接，实际查询语句中可以写作 FULL OUTER JOIN 或 FULL JOIN。外连接查询能返回左右表里的所有记录，其中左右表里能关联起来的记录被连接后返回。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK;

查询结果：

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK' at line 4

注：我当前示例使用的 MySQL 不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN。

应当返回的结果(使用 UNION 模拟)：

mysql> SELECT *

-> FROM Table_A

-> LEFT JOIN Table_B

-> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK

-> UNION ALL

-> SELECT *

-> FROM Table_A

-> RIGHT JOIN Table_B

-> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK

-> WHERE Table_A.PK IS NULL;

+------+---------+------+---------+

| PK | Value | PK | Value |

+------+---------+------+---------+

| 1 | both ab | 1 | both ba |

| 2 | only a | NULL | NULL |

| NULL | NULL | 3 | only b |

+------+---------+------+---------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

小结

以上四种，就是 SQL 里常见 JOIN 的种类和概念了，看一下它们的合影：

延伸用法

1、LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

返回左表有但右表没有关联数据的记录集。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

LEFT JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK

WHERE B.PK IS NULL;

查询结果：

+------+------+---------+---------+

| A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |

+------+------+---------+---------+

| 2 | NULL | only a | NULL |

+------+------+---------+---------+

1 row in set (0.01 sec)

2、RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

返回右表有但左表没有关联数据的记录集。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

RIGHT JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK

WHERE A.PK IS NULL;

查询结果：

+------+------+---------+---------+

| A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |

+------+------+---------+---------+

| NULL | 3 | NULL | only b |

+------+------+---------+---------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3、FULL OUTER JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

返回左表和右表里没有相互关联的记录集。

文氏图：

示例查询：

SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,

A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value

FROM Table_A A

FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK

WHERE A.PK IS NULL

OR B.PK IS NULL;

因为使用到了 FULL OUTER JOIN，MySQL 在执行该查询时再次报错。

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B

ON A.PK = B.PK

WHERE A.PK IS NULL

OR B.PK IS NULL' at line 4

应当返回的结果(用 UNION 模拟)：

mysql> SELECT *

-> FROM Table_A

-> LEFT JOIN Table_B

-> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK

-> WHERE Table_B.PK IS NULL

-> UNION ALL

-> SELECT *

-> FROM Table_A

-> RIGHT JOIN Table_B

-> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK

-> WHERE Table_A.PK IS NULL;

+------+--------+------+--------+

| PK | Value | PK | Value |

+------+--------+------+--------+

| 2 | only a | NULL | NULL |

| NULL | NULL | 3 | only b |

+------+--------+------+--------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结

以上七种用法基本上可以覆盖各种 JOIN 查询了。七种用法的全家福：

补充说明

文中的图使用 Keynote 绘制；

个人的体会是 SQL 里的 JOIN 查询与数学里的求交集、并集等很像；

SQLite 不支持 RIGHT JOIN 和 FULL OUTER JOIN，可以使用 LEFT JOIN 和 UNION 来达到相同的效果；

MySQL 不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN，可以使用 LEFT JOIN 和 UNION 来达到相同的效果；