linux系统外接硬盘_Linux系统下对硬盘扩容的办法

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✎ 背景

存储服务器当初考虑步骤，导致现阶段服务器存储跟不上现业务需求，完全不够用了。

✎ 目标 

侥幸有多于的硬盘插槽，购买硬盘插上，并将原有存储目录扩容

✎ 操作

操作如下，文字有点多。请耐心看注释。我将我的操作记录都逐一复制进来了，为了让大家在操作的时候能有个更好的对比。

大于2T硬盘修改为GPT格式

此步骤非大于2T硬盘的忽略此步。

[root@bigdatadev03 ~]# partedGNU Parted 3.1使用 /dev/sdaWelcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.(parted) /dev/sda   #输入你要格式化的盘符，如何看盘符可看格式化硬盘步骤的第一步哦。  align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment  help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME  print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]     display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found  partitions, or a particular partition  quit                                     exit program  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END    resizepart NUMBER END                    resize partition NUMBER  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit  disk_set FLAG STATE                      change the FLAG on selected device  disk_toggle [FLAG]                       toggle the state of FLAG on selected device  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT  version                                  display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted(parted) mklabel gpt    #修改硬盘为GPT格式                                                  (parted) quit                                                             信息: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

格式化硬盘

1、 查看硬盘是否正常安装，如⬇️文中的sda就是刚装的硬盘

[root@bigdatadev01 ~]# lsblkNAME      MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda               8:0    0  7.3T  0 disk sdb               8:16   0  3.7T  0 disk ├─sdb1            8:17   0    2M  0 part ├─sdb2            8:18   0    4G  0 part /boot└─sdb3            8:19   0  3.6T  0 part   ├─centos-root 253:0    0  3.4T  0 lvm  /  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0  128G  0 lvm  [SWAP]  ├─centos-home 253:2    0   50G  0 lvm  /home  └─centos-var  253:3    0   80G  0 lvm  /varsr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

2、 然后给硬盘格式化成lvm格式，如?操作步骤

[root@bigdatadev01 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdaWARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。更改将停留在内存中，直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。使用写入命令前请三思。命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：m命令操作   d   delete a partition   g   create a new empty GPT partition table   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table   l   list known partition types   m   print this menu   n   add a new partition   o   create a new empty DOS partition table   p   print the partition table   q   quit without saving changes   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel   t   change a partition's system id   v   verify the partition table   w   write table to disk and exit   x   extra functionality (experts only)命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：dNo partition is defined yet!命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：n分区号 (1-128，默认 1)：第一个扇区 (34-15628053134，默认 2048)：34Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (34-15628053134，默认 15628053134)：已创建分区 1命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：t已选择分区 1分区类型(输入 L 列出所有类型)：l  1 EFI System                     C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B  2 MBR partition scheme           024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F  3 Intel Fast Flash               D3BFE2DE-3DAF-11DF-BA40-E3A556D89593  4 BIOS boot                      21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649  5 Sony boot partition            F4019732-066E-4E12-8273-346C5641494F  6 Lenovo boot partition          BFBFAFE7-A34F-448A-9A5B-6213EB736C22  7 PowerPC PReP boot              9E1A2D38-C612-4316-AA26-8B49521E5A8B  8 ONIE boot                      7412F7D5-A156-4B13-81DC-867174929325  9 ONIE config                    D4E6E2CD-4469-46F3-B5CB-1BFF57AFC149 10 Microsoft reserved             E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE 11 Microsoft basic data           EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 12 Microsoft LDM metadata         5808C8AA-7E8F-42E0-85D2-E1E90434CFB3 13 Microsoft LDM data             AF9B60A0-1431-4F62-BC68-3311714A69AD 14 Windows recovery environment   DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC 15 IBM General Parallel Fs        37AFFC90-EF7D-4E96-91C3-2D7AE055B174 16 Microsoft Storage Spaces       E75CAF8F-F680-4CEE-AFA3-B001E56EFC2D 17 HP-UX data                     75894C1E-3AEB-11D3-B7C1-7B03A0000000 18 HP-UX service                  E2A1E728-32E3-11D6-A682-7B03A0000000 19 Linux swap                     0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F 20 Linux filesystem               0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 21 Linux server data              3B8F8425-20E0-4F3B-907F-1A25A76F98E8 22 Linux root (x86)               44479540-F297-41B2-9AF7-D131D5F0458A 23 Linux root (ARM)               69DAD710-2CE4-4E3C-B16C-21A1D49ABED3 24 Linux root (x86-64)            4F68BCE3-E8CD-4DB1-96E7-FBCAF984B709 25 Linux root (ARM-64)            B921B045-1DF0-41C3-AF44-4C6F280D3FAE 26 Linux root  (IA-64)             993D8D3D-F80E-4225-855A-9DAF8ED7EA97 27 Linux reserved                 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908 28 Linux home                     933AC7E1-2EB4-4F13-B844-0E14E2AEF915 29 Linux RAID                     A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E 30 Linux extended boot            BC13C2FF-59E6-4262-A352-B275FD6F7172 31 Linux LVM                      E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928 32 FreeBSD data                   516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B 33 FreeBSD boot                   83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F 34 FreeBSD swap                   516E7CB5-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B 35 FreeBSD UFS                    516E7CB6-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B 36 FreeBSD ZFS                    516E7CBA-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B 37 FreeBSD Vinum                  516E7CB8-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B 38 Apple HFS/HFS+                 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 39 Apple UFS                      55465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 40 Apple RAID                     52414944-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 41 Apple RAID offline             52414944-5F4F-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 42 Apple boot                     426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 43 Apple label                    4C616265-6C00-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 44 Apple TV recovery              5265636F-7665-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 45 Apple Core storage             53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC 46 Solaris boot                   6A82CB45-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 47 Solaris root                   6A85CF4D-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 48 Solaris /usr & Apple ZFS       6A898CC3-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 49 Solaris swap                   6A87C46F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 50 Solaris backup                 6A8B642B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 51 Solaris /var                   6A8EF2E9-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 52 Solaris /home                  6A90BA39-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 53 Solaris alternate sector       6A9283A5-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 54 Solaris reserved 1             6A945A3B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 55 Solaris reserved 2             6A9630D1-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 56 Solaris reserved 3             6A980767-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 57 Solaris reserved 4             6A96237F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 58 Solaris reserved 5             6A8D2AC7-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631 59 NetBSD swap                    49F48D32-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 60 NetBSD FFS                     49F48D5A-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 61 NetBSD LFS                     49F48D82-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 62 NetBSD concatenated            2DB519C4-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 63 NetBSD encrypted               2DB519EC-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 64 NetBSD RAID                    49F48DAA-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648 65 ChromeOS kernel                FE3A2A5D-4F32-41A7-B725-ACCC3285A309 66 ChromeOS root fs               3CB8E202-3B7E-47DD-8A3C-7FF2A13CFCEC 67 ChromeOS reserved              2E0A753D-9E48-43B0-8337-B15192CB1B5E 68 MidnightBSD data               85D5E45A-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 69 MidnightBSD boot               85D5E45E-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 70 MidnightBSD swap               85D5E45B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 71 MidnightBSD UFS                0394EF8B-237E-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 72 MidnightBSD ZFS                85D5E45D-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 73 MidnightBSD Vinum              85D5E45C-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7 74 Ceph Journal                   45B0969E-9B03-4F30-B4C6-B4B80CEFF106 75 Ceph Encrypted Journal         45B0969E-9B03-4F30-B4C6-5EC00CEFF106 76 Ceph OSD                       4FBD7E29-9D25-41B8-AFD0-062C0CEFF05D 77 Ceph crypt OSD                 4FBD7E29-9D25-41B8-AFD0-5EC00CEFF05D 78 Ceph disk in creation          89C57F98-2FE5-4DC0-89C1-F3AD0CEFF2BE 79 Ceph crypt disk in creation    89C57F98-2FE5-4DC0-89C1-5EC00CEFF2BE 80 OpenBSD data                   824CC7A0-36A8-11E3-890A-952519AD3F61 81 QNX6 file system               CEF5A9AD-73BC-4601-89F3-CDEEEEE321A1 82 Plan 9 partition               C91818F9-8025-47AF-89D2-F030D7000C2C分区类型(输入 L 列出所有类型)：31已将分区“Linux filesystem”的类型更改为“Linux LVM”命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.正在同步磁盘。

3、 确认是否格式化完毕，如?sda1 TYPE标签为part：

[root@bigdatadev01 ~]# lsblkNAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda               8:0    0  7.3T  0 disk └─sda1            8:1    0  7.3T  0 part sdb               8:16   0  3.7T  0 disk ├─sdb1            8:17   0    2M  0 part ├─sdb2            8:18   0    4G  0 part /boot└─sdb3            8:19   0  3.6T  0 part   ├─centos-root 253:0    0  3.4T  0 lvm  /  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0  128G  0 lvm  [SWAP]  ├─centos-home 253:2    0   50G  0 lvm  /home  └─centos-var  253:3    0   80G  0 lvm  /varsr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

动态分配LVM

1、创建物理卷

pvcreate  /dev/sda1     #输入命令Physical volume "/dev/sda1" successfully created.       #提示创建成功

2、查看原有的VG Name，并记录后面有用

vgdisplay  #输入命令  --- Volume group ---    VG Name               centos            #记住此名 centos，后面会用到  System ID               Format                lvm2  Metadata Areas        1  Metadata Sequence No  5  VG Access             read/write  VG Status             resizable  MAX LV                0  Cur LV                4  Open LV               4  Max PV                0  Cur PV                1  Act PV                1  VG Size               3.63 TiB  PE Size               4.00 MiB  Total PE              952702  Alloc PE / Size       952702 / 3.63 TiB  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0     VG UUID               fiYKdO-f7g2-KOHI-8POo-3dBx-hZtm-5kLtOy

3、 将PV加入原有VG中

vgextend centos /dev/sda1         #输入命令，命令中的centos是上一步记的VG名， /dev/sda1 是格式化的硬盘名  Volume group "centos" successfully extended           #提示加入成功

4、调整LVM的空间

lvextend -L +7.3T /dev/mapper/centos-root

命令参数说明  +50G是要调整的硬盘大小，/dev/mapper/centos-home是要扩容的目录，具体根据实际情况更改，可通过df -h命令查看。如遇到`Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 7.30 TiB.

Insufficient free space: 1913652 extents needed, but only 1907721 available`报错说明硬盘容量不够，咱改稍微小点就行。

5、调整分区容量

xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root

命令参数说明：⚠️/dev/mapper/centos-home此路径跟上一同。

6、 最后确认

可使用 df -h或者 lsblk命令查看分区是否已扩容，然后重启再次查看确认。如?：

[root@bigdatadev01 /]# lsblkNAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  7.3T  0 disk 
└─sda1            8:1    0  7.3T  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0 10.4T  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0  3.7T  0 disk 
├─sdb1            8:17   0    2M  0 part 
├─sdb2            8:18   0    4G  0 part /boot
└─sdb3            8:19   0  3.6T  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 10.4T  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0  128G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  ├─centos-home 253:2    0   50G  0 lvm  /home
  └─centos-var  253:3    0   80G  0 lvm  /var
sr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

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