如何通俗的理解函数的极限_(高等数学笔记)萌新也能理解的函数极限求法

距离上一个笔记已经隔了快一年了,没想到还有那么多小伙伴能看到还点赞,太感动了。那刚好我顺便把求极限的方法一并写下,希望对大家有帮助,我会尽力用萌新都能看懂的语言告诉大家.

基础:首先需要知道,多项式,不管是多少项,当

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow%5Cinfty时只需要看最高次项就可以了(大哥)!其它都是小弟,例如

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E7%2B5x%5E2-3%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+3x%5E2%2B1+%5Cright%29+%5E2%5Cleft%28+5x%5E3-1+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E7%7D%7B9x%5E4%5Ctimes+5x%5E3%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B45%7D

一.重要极限

这里要讲到的重要极限包括equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%7D%3D1

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%5Ex%3De

提示:这里的

equation?tex=x 并不是单纯指变量

equation?tex=x ,而是指任意满足极限下面的条件的玩意,例如

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2x%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2x%7D%3De (变量一致)

重要思想1:拼凑思想

例题1:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B3x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D

分析:见到类似的题目首先就应该想到重要极限(2),那么根据变量一致我们要把

equation?tex=3x

equation?tex=x 统一起来,那么就想到

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B3x%7D ,从而

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B3x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B3x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B3x%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bt+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bt%7D%7D+%5Cright%5D+%5E%7B3%7D%3De%5E%7B3%7D

例题2:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+5x%7D%7Bx%7D

分析:同样地,拼凑也不难得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+5x%7D%7Bx%7D%3D5%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+5x%7D%7B5x%7D%3D5

二.等价无穷小

等价无穷小是很重要的!我们需要背下几个等价无穷小公式:equation?tex=%5Ctan+x%5Cbacksim+x

equation?tex=%5Csin+x%5Cbacksim+x

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x%5Cbacksim+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2

equation?tex=e%5Ex%5Cbacksim+1%2Bx

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+1%2Bax+%5Cright%29+%5Eb%5Cbacksim+1%2Babx

equation?tex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cbacksim+x++

我们规定以下情况可以用等价无穷小公式:1:必须是

equation?tex=x趋于0(如果不是0还谈什么等价无穷小).2:乘除法可以用等价无穷小替换,但是如果在加减法里面的乘除法尽量不要使用等价无穷小!(此时参考泰勒展开式).3:加减法使用的时候要看情况,即如果两个等价无穷小加减后变量消失,则不要直接用无穷小公式替换!(很重要很重要!!)(此时向后推一阶,即泰勒展开式).比如

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x-%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%5Cne+%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx-x%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%2B%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%2Bx%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D 以及

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ex-%5Ccos+x%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx-1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D 却是正确的.

正解:

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x-%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Ccos+x%7D-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Ccos+x%7D%7Bx%5E2%5Ccos+x%7D

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%5Ccos+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5Ccos+x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx-%5Csin+xe%5Ex%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cne+%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx-xe%5Ex%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D

例题3:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1-x%7D%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D

分析:分母是

equation?tex=%5Csin%7Bx%7D ,可以等价替换为

equation?tex=x ,但是分子呢?加减法我们注意到适用条件,看看能不能用等价无穷小,注意到

equation?tex=%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1-x%7D%5Cbacksim+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx-%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx+%5Cright%29+%3Dx 自变量没有消失,所以我们可以用等价无穷小,那么做法就是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1-x%7D%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Bx%7D%3D1

例题4:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Ccos+3x%7D%7Bx%5Csin+x%7D

都到这里了,就不用过多赘述了吧,直接上答案

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Ccos+3x%7D%7Bx%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+3x+%5Cright%29+%5E2+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B9x%5E2%7D%7B2x%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B9%7D%7B2%7D

需要注意的是

equation?tex=%5Ccos%7B3x%7D 等价无穷小替换不要忘了3.

例题5:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Csin+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Ccot+x%7D

重要思想2:变换指数式 :这样子的极限我们想到

equation?tex=a%5Ex%3De%5E%7Bx%5Cln+a%7D 得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Csin+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Ccot+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Ccot+x%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Csin+x+%5Cright%29%7D

后面的那部分我们自然想到了等价无穷小公式

equation?tex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cbacksim+x 因此

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Csin+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Ccot+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Ccot+x%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Csin+x+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+x%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Ccos+x%7D%3De

提示:这题是否可以用重要极限拼凑出来呢?(可以)

根据上面的我们有启发,不难推导出秒杀推论

重要结论:幂指极限:若

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow0 时有

equation?tex=f%28x%29%5Crightarrow0

equation?tex=g%28x%29%5Crightarrow%5Cinfty ,那么

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bf%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bg%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7Bf%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29+g%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D

证明过程可以参考例题5和重要思想2,我们列举课本上的一些题目(这类题还是比较常考的)

例题6:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E2%7D%7B3x%2B5%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D

注意到

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E2%7D%7B3x%2B5%7D%5Crightarrow+0

equation?tex=+-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty+ ,根据重要结论得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E2%7D%7B3x%2B5%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E2%7D%7B3x%5E2%2B5x%7D%7D%3De%5E0%3D1

给大家一道思考题:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin+%5E2x%7D%7D

.

.

.

.

提示:

equation?tex=%5Ccos%7Bx%7D%3D1%2B%5Ccos%7Bx%7D-1

这个结论到底有多强呢?下面是几道无穷小的题目,相信写起来非常简单了.

附加:等价无穷大

我们类比等价无穷小我们是不是可以搞一点等价无穷大?当然可以!我们首先要知道当

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow%5Cinfty 的时候,

equation?tex=e%5Ex%3Ex%5En%3E%5Cln+x

我们在考虑某些极限的时候,可以把一些加减里面的无关的,较小的东西扔掉而保留乘除!例如

equation?tex=x%5E5%2B3x%5E2%2B5x-1%2B%5Cln+x-x%5E3%5Cln+x%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D 这里面最大的是

equation?tex=x%5E5 ,所以我们可以说

equation?tex=x%5E5%2B3x%5E2%2B5x-1%2B%5Cln+x-x%5E3%5Cln+x%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cbacksim+x%5E5

等价无穷大和等价无穷小具有很多相同的性质,这里不再阐述.

例题I(本文的第一题):求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E7%2B5x%5E2-3%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+3x%5E2%2B1+%5Cright%29+%5E2%5Cleft%28+5x%5E3-1+%5Cright%29%7D

我们看看分子谁最大,显然是

equation?tex=2x%5E7

那么分母呢?看看

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+3x%5E2%2B1+%5Cright%29+%5E2 ,显然1在

equation?tex=3x%5E2 面前太弱了,丢掉!即剩下

equation?tex=9x%5E4 ,看看

equation?tex=5x%5E3-1 ,-1太弱了,扔掉!所以剩下

equation?tex=5x%5E3 ,所以根据等价无穷大我们就能得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E7%2B5x%5E2-3%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+3x%5E2%2B1+%5Cright%29+%5E2%5Cleft%28+5x%5E3-1+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5E7%7D%7B9x%5E4%5Ctimes+5x%5E3%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B45%7D

例题(2):求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx%5E2%2Be%5Ex+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%7D ,大家应该都会怎么扔了,答案是1

等价无穷大的可视化理解:为什么

equation?tex=%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2Bx%7D%5Cbacksim+%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%5Cbacksim+x

这是三条不一样的曲线,但是在x很大的时候它们却越来越靠近相差无几,和等价无穷小也是一样,即越小越靠近,上图为x较小的时候,相差很大但是随着x的增大,它们三者会越发相似(相对误差越来越小)

三.洛必达法则

假如有一天,题目不给重要极限,也用不了等价无穷小(或者不好找),但是题目是除法样子的!那我们可以考虑洛必达法则:如果

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow+a

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bf%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bg%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D 是未定式(就是

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B0%7D%7B0%7D

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cinfty%7D%7B%5Cinfty%7D的样子),那么就有

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+a%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bg%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+a%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bg%27%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29%7D

关于洛必达法则,我们需要注意以下几点:满足条件,我们就上下分别求导再求极限

如果用洛必达以后依然是未定式,我们可以接着用!

如果不是未定式,就不能用了!不然会出错

洛必达法则两者没有什么联系,不能因为前面极限没有而说后面没有,也不能因为后面没有而说前面有,他们就是数量关系.

例题7:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+3x%7D%7B1-e%5E%7B2x%7D%7D

用其他的方法也可以写,不过我们考虑洛必达,那么每次用洛必达之前我都希望你可以三省吾身:是否满足条件?

是否好求导?

如果可以,那么就开始洛必达得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+3x%7D%7B1-e%5E%7B2x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B3%5Ccos+3x%7D%7B-2e%5E%7B2x%7D%7D

我们尝试把0带入得到

equation?tex=-%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%7D ,所以这就是答案

例题8:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7Dx%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7D

重要思想3:化乘法为除法:我们如果需要用洛必达法则但是它却不是除法而是乘法的时候,我们就要考虑变成除法.(当然加减能化简成乘除也是很好分的)

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7Dx%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7D%3D2%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D2(好吧这题不用洛必达)

例题9:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7Dx%5E2e%5E%7B-3x%7D

分析:这题

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow%5Cinfty 显然不能用等价无穷小和重要极限,我们考虑洛必达,但是需要化乘为除即

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7Dx%5E2e%5E%7B-3x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7Be%5E%7B3x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%7D%7B3e%5E%7B3x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B9e%5E%7B3x%7D%7D%3D0

这里多次运用了洛必达法则,要注意什么时候可以继续什么时候要收手.

例题:(洛必达失效的时候):求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ex%7D%7B1%2Be%5E%7B2x%7D%7D (注意不要傻乎乎一直求导)

四.泰勒展开式

如果说有什么是求极限比较厉害的方法,那就是泰勒展开式了,泰勒展开式公式

equation?tex=f%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29+%3Df%5Cleft%28+a+%5Cright%29+%2Bf%27%5Cleft%28+a+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+x-a+%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%5Cleft%28+a+%5Cright%29%7D%7B2%21%7D%5Cleft%28+x-a+%5Cright%29+%5E2%2B%5Ccdots+%2B%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%5Cleft%28+n+%5Cright%29%7D%5Cleft%28+a+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bn%21%7D%5Cleft%28+x-a+%5Cright%29+%5En%2B%5Ccdots+

当然,我们更习惯于应用麦克劳林展开式

equation?tex=f%5Cleft%28+x+%5Cright%29+%3Df%5Cleft%28+0+%5Cright%29+%2Bf%27%5Cleft%28+0+%5Cright%29+x%2B%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%5Cleft%28+0+%5Cright%29%7D%7B2%21%7Dx%5E2%2B%5Ccdots+%2B%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%5Cleft%28+n+%5Cright%29%7D%5Cleft%28+0+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bn%21%7Dx%5En%2B%5Ccdots+

下面是几个常用的泰勒展开式

1.

equation?tex=%5Csin+x%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E5%7D%7B5%21%7D-%5Ccdots

2.

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x%3D1-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E4%7D%7B4%21%7D-%5Ccdots+

3.

equation?tex=e%5Ex%3D1%2Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%21%7D%2B%5Ccdots

4.

equation?tex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%7D-%5Ccdots

5.

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5En%3D1%2Bnx%2B%5Cfrac%7Bn%5Cleft%28+n-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B2%21%7Dx%5E2%2B%5Cfrac%7Bn%5Cleft%28+n-1+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+n-2+%5Cright%29%7D%7B3%21%7Dx%5E3%2B%5Ccdots

进阶版:

6.

equation?tex=%5Carctan+x%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E5%7D%7B5%7D-%5Ccdots+

7.

equation?tex=%5Ctan+x%3Dx%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B15%7Dx%5E5%2B%5Ccdots

8.

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3De%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%2B%5Cfrac%7B11%7D%7B24%7Dx%5E2-%5Ccdots+%5Cright%29

9.

equation?tex=%5Carctan+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-x%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29++

现在应该好理解为什么说等价无穷小不能加减随意替换了吧,实际上用泰勒展开式就不需要考虑这些问题.

例题10:求极限

equation?tex=+%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+x-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%7D%7D%7Bx%5E4%7D

这题用洛必达法则硬算的话也不是不可以,但是需要连续使用洛必达4次(重要思想4:除法形式的未定式极限分母等价于

equation?tex=x%5En则需要连续使用洛必达

equation?tex=n次).

如果考虑等价无穷小的话

equation?tex=e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cbacksim+1%2B%5Cleft%28+-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D1-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D ,

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x%5Cbacksim+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2 ,相减得到0,显然这和我们之前的假设是矛盾的(变量消失),所以我们不能直接应用等价无穷小的结论,那么根据之前说的变量消失我们需要推到下一阶,也就是泰勒展开式得到

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x%5Cbacksim+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B24%7Dx%5E4

equation?tex=e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cbacksim+1%2B%5Cleft%28+-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E2%3D1-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E4%7D%7B8%7D ,相减得到

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cbacksim+-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7Dx%5E4 ,变量没有消失,所以我们可以替换,也就是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+x-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7D%7D%7D%7Bx%5E4%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7Dx%5E4%7D%7Bx%5E4%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D

例题11:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+4x%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%2B1%7D-1%7D

根据重要思想(4)我们把分母搞定,要知道分母是多少阶的,分母等价无穷小得到

equation?tex=%5Csqrt%7Bx%2B1%7D%5Cbacksim+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx ,即分母是一次方的,这样我们就可以知道一次洛必达法则就可以解出来了,即

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+4x%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%2B1%7D-1%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+4x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B4x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%7D%3D8 (这里并未使用洛必达)

附加思想1:颠倒展开式(新手可以跳过)

有时候我们想知道某个多项式倒数的展开式,我们可以假设其具有

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Ba_0%2Ba_1x%2Ba_2x%5E2%2B%5Ccdots%7D%3DA_0%2BA_1x%2BA_2x%5E2%2B%5Ccdots

的形式,那么我们把分母乘过去展开并且对应系数就可以取到想要的项了,举个例子

展开

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%2Bx%5E2%7D ,假设

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%2Bx%5E2%7D%3Da_0%2Ba_1x%2Ba_2x%5E2 (如果需要更高阶,就可以假设

equation?tex=a_3a_4... ),将分母乘过去展开得到

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+a_0%2Ba_1x%2Ba_2x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+1-x%2Bx%5E2+%5Cright%29+%3Da_0%2B%5Cleft%28+-a_0%2Ba_1+%5Cright%29+x%2B%5Cleft%28+a_0-a_1%2Ba_2+%5Cright%29+x%5E2%2B%5Ccdots

左边是1,对比系数得到

equation?tex=%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bl%7D+%09a_0%3D1%5C%5C+%09a_1-a_0%3D0%5C%5C+%09a_2-a_1%2Ba_0%3D0%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Barray%7D+%5Cright.+%5CLongrightarrow+%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bl%7D+%09a_0%3D1%5C%5C+%09a_1%3D1%5C%5C+%09a_2%3D0%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Barray%7D+%5Cright.

即得到展开式

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%2Bx%5E2%7D%3D1%2Bx%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+ (这里的

equation?tex=o%28x%5E2%29 指的是

equation?tex=x%5E2 的高阶无穷小)

例题11:求极限

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%5Ex-1%7D+%5Cright%29

如果取

equation?tex=e%5Ex-1%5Csim+x 就会自变量消失,则我们需要取两阶的泰勒展开式

equation?tex=e%5Ex-1%3Dx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%7D+%5Cright%29 ,根据附加思想1得到展开式

equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29

因此原极限正是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%5Ex-1%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+1-1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D

总结:这是一份对萌新非常友好的学习文章,我非常详细列举了可能会遇到的多种情况的,如果你想记一些什么但是又不知道怎么记,那么就只需要把黑体字及其附属记下来就可以了.希望对大家有所帮助.

下面我准备了一些例题做分析来说明上面解法的原理.

(3).重要思想5:遇到比值极限时通常把分母变成

equation?tex=x%5En的形式,这样写起来会指明了道路.

分母用等价无穷小得到

equation?tex=%5Ccos+x-1%5Cbacksim+-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2 ,分子能不能使用等价无穷小呢?答案是不能(会消去变量),所以用泰勒展开得到

equation?tex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29 ,所以这题就可以这么做

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7B%5Ccos+x-1%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%3D1

(4).和上一题基本一样

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x-x%7D%7Bx-%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx-%5Cleft%28+x-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%7D%7B3%21%7D%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B6%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29%7D%3D2 ,当然,洛必达也是可以的,不过需要使用洛必达3次

(5).注意

equation?tex=x 趋向于什么,不要胡乱使用等价无穷小和泰勒展开式,这里用洛必达最佳

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x-6%7D%7B%5Csec+x%2B5%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csec+%5E2x%7D%7B%5Csec+x%5Ctan+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7B%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D%3D1

当然,也可以通过换元

equation?tex=t%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D 来使用等价无穷小(不是很推荐)

(7).根据重要思想(2)的启发,我们应该变成指数函数的形式,即

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Csin+x%5Cln%5Ctan+x%7D

而后者我们想办法变成除法的情况,也就是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Csin+x%5Cln%5Ctan+x%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ctan+x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Csec+%5E2x%7D%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B-%5Ccos+x%7D%7B%5Csin+%5E2x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7B-%5Ccos+%5E2x%7D%3D0

所以原极限就是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Csin+x%5Cln%5Ctan+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E0%3D1

(8).和(7)类似可以化成指数函数,但是注意到它符合重要结论,所以设

equation?tex=t%3Dx-1 得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7Dx%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bt+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bt%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B-1%7D ,最后一步是重要结论的公式

(9).和(8)类似,也符合重要结论,目测就可以知道答案是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3De%5E0%3D1

(10).乘法极限,我们考虑变成除法得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Csin+x%5Cln+x%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D-%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7Dx%3D0

重要结论2:

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7Dx%5En%5Cln+x%3D0

(11).减法我们可以合并得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin+%5E2x%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+%5E2x-x%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2%5Csin+%5E2x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x-x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E4%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+x%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x-x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E4%7D

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x-x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5Cleft%28+x-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%21%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29+-x+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E3%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D

提示:第三个等号后面的式子正好也能说明加减法某些条件也是可以使用等价无穷小的.

(12).尝试变成指数函数得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29%7D ,到这里,我们的方法非常多样了,但是在复杂的函数组合里面,我是非常不推荐新手去用等价无穷小的,非常容易出错,下面是一个看起来正确实则错误的案例.

错例:

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ctan+x-%5Cln+x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Csec+%5E2x%7D%7B%5Ctan+x%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7B2x%7D%7D

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx-%5Csin+x%5Ccos+x%7D%7B2x%5E2%5Csin+x%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx-x%5Ccos+x%7D%7B2x%5E3%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Ccos+x%7D%7B2x%5E2%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%7D%7B2x%5E2%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D%7D

注意,在组合函数里面,不要轻易使用等价无穷小而应该考虑泰勒展开式.

equation?tex=x-%5Csin+x%5Ccos+x%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Csin+2x%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cleft%28+2x+%5Cright%29+-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%21%7D%5Cleft%28+2x+%5Cright%29+%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%5D+%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29+

所以答案是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29%7D%7B2x%5E3%5Ccos+x%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%7D

下面给出另一个正确的解法:泰勒展开式法:注意到

equation?tex=%5Ctan+x%3Dx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29 ,即得

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%7D

写极限题的时候,一定不要看到答案很长一串就因此而害怕!一步步来,抽丝剥茧,你就发现极限题不算难的!

下面是一些练习题,来练练手呗

10.31更新:对不起我来迟了,我更新一下练习题的答案以及思路.

1.看题目

equation?tex=x%5Crightarrow1 我们既不能用等价无穷小也不好用泰勒展开式,我们因此可以作换元

equation?tex=t%3Dx-1%5Crightarrow0 ,也就是有

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B1-%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+x%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+t%7D%7B1-%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+t%7D%7B1-%5Ccos+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D%7D

接下来我们可以用洛必达,也可以用等价无穷小,考虑洛必达得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+t%7D%7B1-%5Ccos+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+t%7D%7B%5Ccos+t%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-t%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%5Ctimes+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B%5Cpi+%5E2%7D

考虑等价无穷小得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+t%7D%7B1-%5Ccos+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+t-1%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E2%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dt%5E2%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+t%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E2%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B%5Cpi+%5E2%7D+

当然,也可以一开始就洛必达法则得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B1-%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+x%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+x%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Ccos+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+x%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-1+%5Cright%29%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+x%7D%7B2%7D%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B%5Cpi+%5E2%7D+

当然,这里用了两次洛必达.

2.看到乘积应该想到了化乘法为除法,也就是

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cpi+-2%5Carctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+x%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi+-2%5Carctan+x%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Cln+%5E2x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5Cln+%5E2x%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D+ 其实到这里根据等价无穷大我们就能知道分母是比分子增长快的,答案是0

3.看到乘方怎么说?直接变换指数式得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%5E%2B%7Dx%5E%7B%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%5E%2B%7De%5E%7B%5Csin+x%5Cln+x%7D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%5E%2B%7De%5E%7Bx%5Cln+x%7D%3De%5E0%3D1+ (重要结论2别忘记)

4.看到乘方怎么说!还是一样的我们这回直接套结论吧!

做换元

equation?tex=t%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D 得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Ctan+2x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%2B%5Ctan+t%7D%7B1-%5Ctan+t%7D+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-%5Ccot+2t%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+2t%7D%7B%5Csin+2t%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%2B%5Ctan+t-1%2B%5Ctan+t%7D%7B1-%5Ctan+t%7D%7D+

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Crightarrow+0%7De%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+2t%7D%7B%5Csin+2t%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5Ctan+t%7D%7B1-%5Ctan+t%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B-1%7D+

这里运用了和差公式

equation?tex=%5Ctan+%5Cleft%28+x%2By+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan+x%2B%5Ctan+y%7D%7B1-%5Ctan+x%5Ctan+y%7D+

5.化简得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29++

来了来了,这样做的同学全部笔记记好了

错解:

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+x-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3D1+

错了错了!我们要在加减和乘除都有的表达式里面等价无穷小的时候,要整体进行等价无穷小嗷!也就是

equation?tex=ln%281%2Bx%29%5Csim+x 在这里是错的,要对

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29++ 进行等价无穷小,可是...这玩意等价无穷小是什么呢?所以我们要考虑泰勒展开式,而且要展开到二次项!

equation?tex=%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+x-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29++

equation?tex=%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%2Bx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+%3Dx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29++

这样我们就可以得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E2+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+

或者更狂暴一点,直接洛必达得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+-x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7B2x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+

所以有时候泰勒展开式和洛必达真分不清哪个更简单一点...

6.化简得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccot+x-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos+x%7D%7B%5Csin+x%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Ccos+x-%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%5Csin+x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Ccos+x-%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B-x%5Csin+x%7D%7B2x%7D%3D-%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7B2%7D%3D0+

7.这题如果要使用洛必达或者等价无穷小,我们都要知道它的导数,先求

equation?tex=y%3D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D+ 的导数,

equation?tex=y%3D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D+

equation?tex=y%27%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%5D+%27%3D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D-1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx-%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+

因此洛必达得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D-e%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+0%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D-1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx-%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%2Bx+%5Cright%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D+

前面的极限是

equation?tex=e,后面的极限上题得到是

equation?tex=-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D ,所以答案是

equation?tex=-%5Cfrac%7Be%7D%7B2%7D

8.看到乘方化指数得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Cleft%28+-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x%7D%7D+

equation?tex=%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+x%5E2%2B1+%5Cright%29+%5E2%7D%7D%7B-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1-x%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%7D+

当然,我们知道

equation?tex=%5Carctan+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-x%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dx%5E3%2Bo%5Cleft%28+x%5E3+%5Cright%29++ 倒过来就可以得到

equation?tex=%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D-%5Carctan+x+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Crightarrow+%2B%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cright%29%7D%7B%5Cln+x%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%7D+

10月13日:非常感谢大家找出的不足和错误!我改过来了!

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