所有JAVA线程都必须是Thread或其子类的实例。
继承Thread类创建线程
步骤如下，
定义Thead子类并实现run()方法，run()是线程执行体
创建此子类实例对象，即创建了线程对象
调用线程对象的start()方法来启动线程
下面是一个例子，
package threads;
public class FirstThread extends Thread {
//通过继承thread方式实现多线程
//i不会被多个线程共享
private int i;
public void run() {
for(; i<20; i++) {
//System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
//System.out.println(this.getName()+" "+i);
//if extends Thread, here this==Thread.currentThread()
System.out.println(getName()+" "+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i=0; i<50; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
if(i==20){
new FirstThread().start();
new FirstThread().start();
}
}
}
}
执行结果， 可见thread-5和thread-6的i值都是从0开始，互不影响
main 0
main 1
main 2
main 3
main 4
main 5
main 6
main 7
main 8
main 9
main 10
main 11
main 12
main 13
main 14
main 15
main 16
main 17
main 18
main 19
main 20
Thread-5 0
Thread-5 1
Thread-5 2
Thread-5 3
main 21
Thread-5 4
main 22
Thread-5 5
main 23
Thread-5 6
main 24
Thread-5 7
main 25
Thread-6 0
main 26
Thread-6 1
main 27
Thread-6 2
main 28
Thread-6 3
main 29
Thread-6 4
main 30
Thread-6 5
main 31
Thread-6 6
main 32
Thread-6 7
main 33
Thread-6 8
main 34
main 35
Thread-6 9
main 36
Thread-6 10
main 37
Thread-6 11
main 38
Thread-6 12
main 39
Thread-6 13
main 40
Thread-6 14
main 41
Thread-6 15
main 42
Thread-6 16
main 43
Thread-6 17
main 44
Thread-6 18
main 45
Thread-6 19
main 46
main 47
main 48
main 49
Thread-5 8
Thread-5 9
Thread-5 10
Thread-5 11
Thread-5 12
Thread-5 13
Thread-5 14
Thread-5 15
Thread-5 16
Thread-5 17
Thread-5 18
Thread-5 19
实现Runable接口创建线程类
步骤如下，
定义Runable的实现类，重写run()方法作为线程执行体
创建Runable实现类的实例对象，并将此实例对象作为Thread的targe再创建线程对象，此线程对象才是真正的子线程对象。
调用线程对象的start()方法启动线程
具体例子如下，
package threads;
public class SecondThread implements Runnable {
//i将被多个线程共享
private int i;
@Override
public void run() {
// must use Thread.currentThread when implements Runnable
for(; i<20; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i=0; i<50; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
if(i==20){
SecondThread st = new SecondThread();
//多个线程共享了同一个target, 将会共享i
new Thread(st, "new thread 1").start();
new Thread(st, "new thread 2").start();
}
}
}
}
执行结果， 可以看到子线程 new Thread1和new thread2 的i是连续的，共享了同一个i值
main 0
main 1
main 2
main 3
main 4
main 5
main 6
main 7
main 8
main 9
main 10
main 11
main 12
main 13
main 14
main 15
main 16
main 17
main 18
main 19
main 20
new thread 1 0
new thread 1 1
new thread 1 2
new thread 1 3
main 21
new thread 2 4
main 22
new thread 2 5
new thread 1 4
main 23
new thread 1 7
main 24
new thread 1 8
main 25
new thread 2 6
new thread 1 9
new thread 2 10
new thread 1 11
new thread 2 12
main 26
new thread 2 14
main 27
new thread 2 15
main 28
new thread 1 13
main 29
new thread 1 17
main 30
new thread 1 18
main 31
new thread 1 19
main 32
main 33
main 34
new thread 2 16
main 35
main 36
main 37
main 38
main 39
main 40
main 41
main 42
main 43
main 44
main 45
main 46
main 47
main 48
main 49
使用Callable和Future创建线程
Callable接口
Callable接口特点，与Runable的区别
Callable类似于Runable的增强版，区别在于Callable是可以有返回值，并且可以抛出异常的。
Callable中有一个call()方法，可以作为线程的执行体，但是线程执行体不会被直接调用，因为无法直接获取子线程返回值，
Callable接口不是Runable接口，所以无法作为Thread的target来像Runable那样创建线程
基于以上三点，Future接口派上用场了，
Future接口
Future接口提供了一个FutherTask实现类，此实现类还实现了Runable接口，因此它的实例可以作为Thread类的target，与Callable结合使用从而实现多线程。
Future接口中有如下方法控制线程，
cancel(..)取消关联的Callable任务
get(..)获取关联的Callable钟call()方法的返回值，这里解决了Callable实现多线程但无法直接调用call()获取子线程返回值的问题
get(timeout, unit).
isCancelled()
isDone()
使用Callable和Future创建线程的步骤如下，
创建Callable的实现类，并实现call()方法作为线程执行体
使用FutureTask类来包装Callable对象
使用FutureTask类对象作为Thread的target来创建子线程
调用FutureTask类对象的get()方法获取子线程结束后的返回值，此过程可以抛出异常
下面是一个例子，
package threads;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class ThirdThread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThirdThread rt = new ThirdThread();
// FutureTask 是一个包装类，封装Callable对象
FutureTask task = new FutureTask( new Callable () {
//call()将作为子线程的执行体
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int i = 0;
for(; i<20; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
}
return i;
}
});
for (int i=0; i<100; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" "+i);
if (i == 20) {
new Thread(task, "new thread").start();
}
}
try {
System.out.println("Return value from sub thread: "+task.get());
}catch( Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
执行结果，
main 0
main 1
main 2
main 3
main 4
main 5
main 6
main 7
main 8
main 9
main 10
main 11
main 12
main 13
main 14
main 15
main 16
main 17
main 18
main 19
main 20
main 21
main 22
main 23
main 24
main 25
new thread 1 0
main 26
new thread 1 1
main 27
new thread 1 2
main 28
new thread 1 3
main 29
new thread 1 4
main 30
new thread 1 5
main 31
new thread 1 6
main 32
new thread 1 7
main 33
new thread 1 8
main 34
new thread 1 9
main 35
new thread 1 10
main 36
new thread 1 11
main 37
new thread 1 12
main 38
new thread 1 13
main 39
new thread 1 14
main 40
new thread 1 15
main 41
new thread 1 16
main 42
new thread 1 17
main 43
new thread 1 18
main 44
new thread 1 19
main 45
main 46
main 47
main 48
main 49
Return value from sub thread: 20
创建线程的三种方式对比
Callable与Runable方式基本相同，区别是Callable有返回值并且可以抛出异常。
Callable与Runable优缺点，
线程类只是实现了Callable和Runable接口，还可以继承别的类，扩展性强，更灵活
多个线程可以共享同一个定义在现成体中的变量，可以方便实现资源共享
缺点是编程比较复杂，且访问当前线程必须要 Thread.currentThread()
采用继承Thread实现多线程的优缺点，
优点是编程简单，且直接使用this就可以访问当前线程
缺点是不够灵活，已经继承了Thread类，就不能继承别的父类。
因此一般使用第三种方式实现多线程。即Callable接口结合Runable接口的方式
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