linux事务隔离级别,MySQL 事务及隔离级别

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-19 13:12:59 发布

方仁野

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-19 13:12:59 发布

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文章标签： linux事务隔离级别

大纲

一、事务相关概念

二、ACID特性

三、事务隔离相关

四、隔离级别示例

一、事务相关概念

(1)、事务概念

在数据库系统中，一个事务(transaction)是指：由一系列数据库操作组成的一个完整的逻辑过程。例如银行转帐，从原账户扣除金额，以及向目标账户添加金额，这两个数据库操作的总和，构成一个完整的逻辑过程，不可拆分。这个过程被称为一个事务，具有ACID特性。

(2)、事务日志是顺序IO；数据文件是随机IO

(3)、事务的状态

(4)、保存点与回滚至保存点SAVEPOINT identifier

ROLLBACK TO identifier

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=7;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SAVEPOINT first;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=6;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SAVEPOINT second;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=5;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SAVEPOINT third;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ROLLBACK TO second;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(5)、并发执行的目的

①提高吞吐量和资源利用率

②减少等待时间

(6)、事务调度

①可恢复调度

②无级联调度

二、ACID特性

A(tomicity)：原子性(不可分割性)；一个事务中的所有操作，要么全部完成，要么全部不完成，不会结束在中间某个环节。事务在执行过程中发生错误，会被回滚(Rollback)到事务开始前的状态，就像这个事务从来没有执行过一样。

C(onsistency)：一致性；在事务开始之前和事务结束以后，数据库的完整性没有被破坏。这表示写入的资料必须完全符合所有的预设规则，这包含资料的精确度、串联性以及后续数据库可以自发性地完成预定的工作。

I(solation)：隔离性；当两个或者多个事务并发访问(此处访问指查询和修改的操作)数据库的同一数据时所表现出的相互关系。

D(urability)：持久性；在事务完成以后，该事务对数据库所作的更改便持久地保存在数据库之中，并且是完全的。

三、事务隔离相关

(1)、事务隔离级别(从低到高)：隔离级别越高，并发能力越弱

Read uncommitted：读未提交；允许脏读(dirty reads)，事务可以看到其他事务“尚未提交”的修改

read committed：读提交；不允许脏读，允许不可重复读，保证了读到的任何数据都是提交的数据，避免读到中间的未提交的数据即脏读(dirty reads)。但是不保证事务重新读的时候能读到相同的数据，因为在每次数据读完之后其他事务可以修改刚才读到的数据。

repeatable read：可重读；不允许不可重复读和脏读，但可能出现幻读，基于锁机制并发控制的DBMS需要对选定对象的读锁(read locks)和写锁(write locks)一直保持到事务结束，但不要求“范围锁(range-locks)”，因此可能会发生“幻读(phantom reads)”

Serializable：串行化；在基于锁机制并发控制的DBMS实现可序列化要求在选定对象上的读锁和写锁保持直到事务结束后才能释放

(2)、查看隔离级别mysql> SHOW [GLOBAL|SESSION] VARIABLES LIKE '%tx_%';

mysql> SELECT @@GLOBAL.tx_isolation;

+-----------------------+

| @@GLOBAL.tx_isolation |

+-----------------------+

| REPEATABLE-READ |

+-----------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

设定隔离级别mysql> SET @@[GLOBAL.|SESSION.]tx_isolation='Isolation_level';

mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='REPEATABLE-READ';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+------------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+------------------+

| READ-UNCOMMITTED |

+------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(3)、脏读、不可重复读、幻读概念脏读：当一个事务正在访问数据，并且对数据进行了修改，而这种修改还没有提交到数据库中，这时，另外一个事务也访问这个数据，然后使用了这个数据。

不可重复读：是指在一个事务内，多次读同一数据。在这个事务还没有结束时，另外一个事务也访问该同一数据。那么，在第一个事务中的两次读数据之间，由于第二个事务的修改，那么第一个事务两次读到的的数据可能是不一样的。这样就发生了在一个事务内两次读到的数据是不一样的，因此称为是不可重复读。

幻读：是指当事务不是独立执行时发生的一种现象，例如第一个事务对一个表中的数据进行了修改，这种修改涉及到表中的全部数据行。同时，第二个事务也修改这个表中的数据，这种修改是向表中插入一行新数据。那么，以后就会发生操作第一个事务的用户发现表中还有没有修改的数据行，就好象发生了幻觉一样

(4)、脏读、不可重复读、幻读区别

脏读是一个事务读到另一个事务未提交的更新数据，不可重复读是一个事务读到另一个事务已提交的更新数据，幻读是一个事务读到另一个事务已提交的新插入的数据

四、隔离级别示例

(1)、Read uncommitted

Session ASession B

mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='READ-UNCOMMITTED';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+------------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+------------------+

| READ-UNCOMMITTED |

+------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='READ-UNCOMMITTED';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+------------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+------------------+

| READ-UNCOMMITTED |

+------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=9;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ROLLBACK;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)、read committed

Session ASession B

mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='READ-COMMITTED';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+----------------+

| READ-COMMITTED |

+----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='READ-COMMITTED';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+----------------+

| READ-COMMITTED |

+----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=9;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

| 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> COMMIT;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)、Repeatable read

Session ASession B

mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='REPEATABLE-READ';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+-----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+-----------------+

| REPEATABLE-READ |

+-----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET @@SESSION.tx_isolation='REPEATABLE-READ';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+-----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+-----------------+

| REPEATABLE-READ |

+-----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=8;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> COMMIT;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

| 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> COMMIT;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(4)、Serializable

Session ASession B

mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='SERIALIZABLE';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+----------------+

| SERIALIZABLE |

+----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET @@tx_isolation='SERIALIZABLE';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @@tx_isolation;

+----------------+

| @@tx_isolation |

+----------------+

| SERIALIZABLE |

+----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> START TRANSACTION;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> \u jiaowu

Database changed

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

| 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM tutors WHERE TID=7;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

mysql> COMMIT;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM tutors;

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| TID | Tname | Gender | Age |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

| 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 |

| 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 |

| 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 |

| 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 |

| 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 |

| 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 |

+-----+--------------+--------+------+

6 rows in set (9.83 sec)

方仁野

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