JAVA并发编程（九）-共享模型之不可变

🌞一、不可变对象

首先我们来看一下日期转换的问题

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test1")
public class Test1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        test();
    }

    private static void test() {
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                    try {
                        log.debug("{}", sdf.parse("1951-04-21"));
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        log.error("{}", e);
                    }
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

结果展示：

这段代码存在线程安全问题的主要原因是 SimpleDateFormat 类不是线程安全的。在多线程环境下，多个线程同时访问同一个 SimpleDateFormat 实例可能导致其内部状态被不同线程之间交叉修改，从而引发各种异常或者不正确的结果。

接下来我们可以使用线程安全的DateTimeFormatter来优化一下。

  public static void main(String[] args) {
        DateTimeFormatter stf = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd");
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                TemporalAccessor parse = stf.parse("1951-04-21");
                log.debug("{}", parse);
            }).start();
        }
    }

🌝二、不可变设计

接下来我们来看一下String这个类，String就是一个不可变的类，String 对象一旦被创建，其内容就不可改变。任何对 String 对象的操作都不会改变原始对象，而是会返回一个新的 String 对象。这种不可变性保证了多个线程同时访问 String 对象时不会出现数据竞争，因为没有线程会修改同一个 String 实例的状态。

String中的value成员变量是用final进行修饰的，意味着一旦被构造方法创建附上了初值之后，这个变量就无法再被改变了。

1、保护性拷贝

我们来看一下String中subString的源码

subString方法主要用于切割字符串的作用，当调用subString方法之后这里我们可以看到是重新调用了String的构造方法，新建了一个String的对象，而不是在原来的对象上进行操作的。

构造新字符串对象时，会生成新的 char[] value，对内容进行复制 。这种通过创建副本对象来避免共享的手段称之为【保护性拷贝（defensive copy）】

2、享元模式

🌛三、自定义线程池

代码演示：

public class Test3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Pool pool = new Pool(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                Connection conn = pool.borrow();
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000));
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                pool.free(conn);
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Pool")
class Pool {
    // 1. 连接池大小
    private final int poolSize;

    // 2. 连接对象数组
    private Connection[] connections;

    // 3. 连接状态数组 0 表示空闲， 1 表示繁忙
    private AtomicIntegerArray states;

    // 4. 构造方法初始化
    public Pool(int poolSize) {
        this.poolSize = poolSize;
        this.connections = new Connection[poolSize];
        this.states = new AtomicIntegerArray(new int[poolSize]);
        for (int i = 0; i < poolSize; i++) {
            connections[i] = new MockConnection("连接" + (i+1));
        }
    }

    // 5. 借连接
    public Connection borrow() {
        while(true) {
            for (int i = 0; i < poolSize; i++) {
                // 获取空闲连接
                if(states.get(i) == 0) {
                    if (states.compareAndSet(i, 0, 1)) {
                        log.debug("borrow {}", connections[i]);
                        return connections[i];
                    }
                }
            }
            // 如果没有空闲连接，当前线程进入等待
            synchronized (this) {
                try {
                    log.debug("wait...");
                    this.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // 6. 归还连接
    public void free(Connection conn) {
        for (int i = 0; i < poolSize; i++) {
            if (connections[i] == conn) {
                states.set(i, 0);
                synchronized (this) {
                    log.debug("free {}", conn);
                    this.notifyAll();
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

class MockConnection implements Connection {

    private String name;

    public MockConnection(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "MockConnection{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    @Override
    public Statement createStatement() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public String nativeSQL(String sql) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public boolean getAutoCommit() throws SQLException {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public void commit() throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public void rollback() throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public void close() throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public boolean isClosed() throws SQLException {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setReadOnly(boolean readOnly) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public boolean isReadOnly() throws SQLException {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public void setCatalog(String catalog) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public String getCatalog() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setTransactionIsolation(int level) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public int getTransactionIsolation() throws SQLException {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public SQLWarning getWarnings() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void clearWarnings() throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Map<String, Class<?>> getTypeMap() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setTypeMap(Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public void setHoldability(int holdability) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public int getHoldability() throws SQLException {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public Savepoint setSavepoint() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Savepoint setSavepoint(String name) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void rollback(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public void releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int autoGeneratedKeys) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int[] columnIndexes) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, String[] columnNames) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Clob createClob() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Blob createBlob() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public NClob createNClob() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public SQLXML createSQLXML() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isValid(int timeout) throws SQLException {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public void setClientInfo(String name, String value) throws SQLClientInfoException {

    }

    @Override
    public void setClientInfo(Properties properties) throws SQLClientInfoException {

    }

    @Override
    public String getClientInfo(String name) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Properties getClientInfo() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Array createArrayOf(String typeName, Object[] elements) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Struct createStruct(String typeName, Object[] attributes) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setSchema(String schema) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public String getSchema() throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void abort(Executor executor) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public void setNetworkTimeout(Executor executor, int milliseconds) throws SQLException {

    }

    @Override
    public int getNetworkTimeout() throws SQLException {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException {
        return false;
    }
}

效果展示：

🌜 四、final原理

🌕五、无状态

在 web 阶段学习时，设计 Servlet 时为了保证其线程安全，都会有这样的建议，不要为 Servlet 设置成员变量，这种没有任何成员变量的类是线程安全的