Python-继承、私有权限

Python⾯向对象的继承指的是多个类之间的所属关系，即⼦类默认继承⽗类的所有属性和⽅法，具体如下：

# ⽗类A
class A(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.num = 1
     def info_print(self):
     print(self.num)
 
# ⼦类B
class B(A):
    pass
 
result = B()
result.info_print() # 1

在Python中，所有类默认继承object类，object类是顶级类或基类；其他⼦类叫做派⽣类。

单继承

# 1. 师⽗类
class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 2. 徒弟类
class Prentice(Master):
    pass
    
# 3. 创建对象daqiu
daqiu = Prentice()

# 4. 对象访问实例属性
print(daqiu.kongfu)

# 5. 对象调⽤实例⽅法
daqiu.make_cake()

多继承

所谓多继承意思就是⼀个类同时继承了多个⽗类。

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
class Prentice(School, Master):
    pass
    
daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

注意：当⼀个类有多个⽗类的时候，默认使⽤第⼀个⽗类的同名属性和⽅法。

⼦类重写⽗类同名⽅法和属性

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
# 独创配⽅
class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

print(Prentice.__mro__)

⼦类和⽗类具有同名属性和⽅法，默认使⽤⼦类的同名属性和⽅法。

⼦类调⽤⽗类的同名⽅法和属性

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     # 如果是先调⽤了⽗类的属性和⽅法，⽗类属性会覆盖⼦类属性，故在调⽤属性前，先调⽤
    ⾃⼰⼦类的初始化
     self.__init__()
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
     # 调⽤⽗类⽅法，但是为保证调⽤到的也是⽗类的属性，必须在调⽤⽅法前调⽤⽗类的初始化
     def make_master_cake(self):
     Master.__init__(self)
     Master.make_cake(self)
     
     def make_school_cake(self):
     School.__init__(self)
     School.make_cake(self)

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_cake()
daqiu.make_master_cake()
daqiu.make_school_cake()
daqiu.make_cake()

多层继承

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     self.__init__()
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
     def make_master_cake(self):
     Master.__init__(self)
     Master.make_cake(self)
     
     def make_school_cake(self):
     School.__init__(self)
     School.make_cake(self)     

# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
    pass
    
xiaoqiu = Tusun()
xiaoqiu.make_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_school_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_master_cake()

super()调⽤⽗类⽅法

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
     # ⽅法2.1
     # super(School, self).__init__()
     # super(School, self).make_cake()
     # ⽅法2.2
     super().__init__()
     super().make_cake()

class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     self.__init__()
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
     
     def make_master_cake(self):
     Master.__init__(self)
     Master.make_cake(self)
     
     def make_school_cake(self):
     School.__init__(self)
     School.make_cake(self)     

     # ⼀次性调⽤⽗类的同名属性和⽅法
     def make_old_cake(self):
         # ⽅法⼀：代码冗余；⽗类类名如果变化，这⾥代码需要频繁修改
         # Master.__init__(self)
         # Master.make_cake(self)
         # School.__init__(self)
         # School.make_cake(self)
         
         # ⽅法⼆: super()
         # ⽅法2.1 super(当前类名, self).函数()
         # super(Prentice, self).__init__()
         # super(Prentice, self).make_cake()
         
         # ⽅法2.2 super().函数()
         super().__init__()
         super().make_cake()
         
daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_old_cake()

注意：使⽤super() 可以⾃动查找⽗类。调⽤顺序遵循__mro__类属性的顺序。⽐较适合单继承使⽤。

私有权限

定义私有属性和⽅法

在Python中，可以为实例属性和⽅法设置私有权限，即设置某个实例属性或实例⽅法不继承给⼦类。

设置私有权限的⽅法：在属性名和⽅法名 前⾯ 加上两个下划线 __。

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
         self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
         # 定义私有属性
         self.__money = 2000000 
         
         # 定义私有⽅法
         def __info_print(self):
         print(self.kongfu)
         print(self.__money)
         
         def make_cake(self):
         self.__init__()
         print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
         
         def make_master_cake(self):
         Master.__init__(self)
         Master.make_cake(self)
         
         def make_school_cake(self):
         School.__init__(self)
         School.make_cake(self)

        # 徒孙类
        class Tusun(Prentice):
            pass
            
daqiu = Prentice()
# 对象不能访问私有属性和私有⽅法
# print(daqiu.__money)
# daqiu.__info_print()
xiaoqiu = Tusun()

# ⼦类⽆法继承⽗类的私有属性和私有⽅法
# print(xiaoqiu.__money) # ⽆法访问实例属性__money
# xiaoqiu.__info_print()

注意：私有属性和私有⽅法只能在类⾥⾯访问和修改。

获取和修改私有属性值

在Python中，⼀般定义函数名 get_xx ⽤来获取私有属性，定义 set_xx ⽤来修改私有属性值。

class Master(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[学校煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     
     def make_cake(self):
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
     def __init__(self):
     self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
     self.__money = 2000000
     
     # 获取私有属性
     def get_money(self):
     return self.__money
     # 修改私有属性
     
     def set_money(self):
     self.__money = 500
     
     def __info_print(self):
     print(self.kongfu)
     print(self.__money)
     
     def make_cake(self):
     self.__init__()
     print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')     
     
     def make_master_cake(self):
     Master.__init__(self)
     Master.make_cake(self)
     
     def make_school_cake(self):
     School.__init__(self)
     School.make_cake(self)
     
# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
    pass
    
daqiu = Prentice()
xiaoqiu = Tusun()

# 调⽤get_money函数获取私有属性money的值
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())

# 调⽤set_money函数修改私有属性money的值
xiaoqiu.set_money()

print(xiaoqiu.get_money())