POSIX信号量与互斥锁

1.POSIX信号量相关函数

//有名信号量，可用于不同进程间的多个线程通信
sem_open();
sem_close();
sem_unlink();

//无名信号量
sem_init();
sem_destroy();

//PV原语操作
sem_wait();
sem_post();

2. POSIX互斥锁

//无名
pthread_mutex_init();
pthread_mutex_lock();
pthread_mutex_unlock();
pthread_mutex_destroy();

3.生产者与消费者模拟

利用POSIX信号量与互斥锁实现。

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ERR_EXIT(m) \
    do \
    { \
        perror(m); \
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
    } while (0);


#define CONSUMERS_COUNT 1
#define PRODUCERS_COUNT 5
#define BUFFSIZE 10

int g_buffer[BUFFSIZE];
unsigned short in = 0;
unsigned short out = 0;
unsigned short produce_id = 0;
unsigned short consume_id = 0;

sem_t g_sem_full;
sem_t g_sem_empty;
pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;

pthread_t g_thread[CONSUMERS_COUNT + PRODUCERS_COUNT];

void* consume(void *arg)
{
    int num = *((int*)(&arg));
    int i;
    while (1)
    {
        printf("%d wait buffer not empty\n", num);
        sem_wait(&g_sem_empty);
        pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
        for (i=0; i<BUFFSIZE; i++)
        {
            printf("%02d ", i);
            if (g_buffer[i] == -1)
                printf("%s", "null");
            else
                printf("%d", g_buffer[i]);
            
            if (i == out)
                printf("\t<--consume");
            printf("\n");
        }
        
        consume_id = g_buffer[out];
        printf("%d begin consume product %d\n", num, consume_id);
        g_buffer[out] = -1;
        out = (out + 1) % BUFFSIZE;
        printf("%d end consume product %d\n", num, consume_id);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
        sem_post(&g_sem_full);
        sleep(5);
    }
    return NULL;
}

void* produce(void *arg)
{
    int num = *((int*)(&arg));
    int i;
    while (1)
    {
        printf("%d wait buffer not full\n", num);
        sem_wait(&g_sem_full);
        pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
        for (i=0; i<BUFFSIZE; i++)
        {
            printf("%02d ", i);
            if (g_buffer[i] == -1)
                printf("%s", "null");
            else
                printf("%d", g_buffer[i]);
            
            if (i == in)
                printf("\t<--produce");
            printf("\n");
        }

        printf("%d begin produce product %d\n", num, produce_id);
        g_buffer[in] = produce_id;
        in = (in + 1) % BUFFSIZE;
        printf("%d end produce product %d\n", num, produce_id++);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
        sem_post(&g_sem_empty);
        sleep(1);
    }
    
    return NULL;
}

int main(void)
{
    int j;
    for (j=0; j<BUFFSIZE; j++)
    {
        g_buffer[j] = -1;
    }
    sem_init(&g_sem_full, 0, BUFFSIZE);
    sem_init(&g_sem_empty, 0, 0);

    pthread_mutex_init(&g_mutex, NULL);

    int i;
    for (i=0; i<CONSUMERS_COUNT; i++)
    {
        pthread_create(&g_thread[i], NULL, consume, (void*)i);
    }
    for (i=0; i<PRODUCERS_COUNT; i++)
    {
        pthread_create(&g_thread[CONSUMERS_COUNT + i], NULL, produce, (void*)i);
    }

    for (i=0; i<CONSUMERS_COUNT + PRODUCERS_COUNT; i++)
    {
        pthread_join(g_thread[i], NULL);
    }
    
    sem_destroy(&g_sem_full);
    sem_destroy(&g_sem_empty);
    pthread_mutex_destroy(&g_mutex);
    return 0;
}
    

4.自旋锁

pthread_spin_init
pthread_spin_destroy
pthread_spin_lock
pthread_spin_unlock

• 自旋锁类似于互斥锁，它的性能比互斥锁更高
• 自旋锁与互斥锁很重要的一个区别在于，线程在申请自旋锁的时候，线程不会被挂起，它处于忙等待的状态。
• 适用于等待时间比较短的应用。

5.读写锁

pthread_rwlock_init
pthread_rwlock_destroy
pthread_rwlock_rdlock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock
pthread_rwlock_unlock

• 只要没有线程持有给定的读写锁用于写，那么任意数目的线程可以持有读写锁用于读
• 仅当没有线程持有某个给定的读写锁用于读或用于写时，才能分配读写锁用于写
• 读写锁用于读称为共享锁，读写锁用于写称为排它锁