Python——difflib模块（对比文件差异）

difflib简介

我们知道，在shell中，可以直接使用vimdiff命令比对文本。

 vimdiff  a.txt  b.txt 

在Python中如何对比文件差异呢？
我们可以导入difflib库，difflib是python的标准库，无需安装。

• 作用：对比文本之间的差异，而且支持输出可读性比较强的HTML文档。

常用函数

difflib.Differ()

difflib.Differ().compare(text1,text2)
可以以类似shell中的diff方法显示差异，其中符号的含义如下表：

符号	含义
+	包含在第二个系列行中，但不包含第一个
-	包含在第一个系列行中，但不包含第二个
’ ’	空字符串表示两个系列行一致
?	存在增量差异
^	存在差异字符

示例

import difflib

a = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       2. Explicit is better than implicit.
       3. Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complex is better than complicated.
'''.splitlines(keepends=True) # 保留换行符

b = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       3.   Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complicated is better than complex.
       5. Flat is better than nested.
'''.splitlines(keepends=False) # 不保留换行符

print(a)
print(b)

diff_content = difflib.Differ().compare(a,b)
print(''.join(diff_content))

结果：

difflib.HtmlDiff()

当然，上面的方式看起来并不方便，所以我们使用此方法，可以更清晰地看出差异。
difflib.HtmlDiff() 可以用于创建一个完整HTML文件，该文件显示具有行间和行内更改突出的文本的逐行比较。
difflib.HtmlDiff().make_file(a.txt,b.txt)
比较两文件并返回一个字符串，该字符串是一个完整的HTML文件，其中包含一个表格，显示逐行差异，突出显示行间和行内更改。
difflib.HtmlDiff().make_table()
比较两文件并返回一个字符串，该字符串是一个完整的HTML表格，显示逐行差异，突出显示行间和行内更改。

示例

import difflib

a = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       2. Explicit is better than implicit.
       3. Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complex is better than complicated.
'''.splitlines(keepends=True) # 保留换行符

b = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       3.   Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complicated is better than complex.
       5. Flat is better than nested.
'''.splitlines(keepends=False) # 不保留换行符

htmlContent = difflib.HtmlDiff().make_file(a,b)

# print(htmlContent)
with open('diff.html','w+') as f:
    f.write(htmlContent)

结果：

import difflib

a = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       2. Explicit is better than implicit.
       3. Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complex is better than complicated.
'''.splitlines(keepends=True) # 保留换行符

b = '''
       1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
       3.   Simple is better than complex.
       4. Complicated is better than complex.
       5. Flat is better than nested.
'''.splitlines(keepends=False) # 不保留换行符

htmlContent = difflib.HtmlDiff().make_table(a,b)

# print(htmlContent)
with open('diff.html','w+') as f:
    f.write(htmlContent)

结果：

对比之下，还是difflib.HtmlDiff().make_file()更好用一些。