初学rust——I/O Project

今天是学习rust的第五天，学习材料为官网的《The Rust Programming Language》，本笔记的内容为第12章，I/O project

Chapter 12 I/O project: Building a Command Line Program

Separation of Concerns for Binary Projects

• 将代码程序分为main.rs和lib.rs，将程序的逻辑logic移动到lib.rs
• 当parsing逻辑足够小时可以放在main.rs下

main.rs中的函数应该有以下功能：

• 调用命令行parsing logic
• 设置其他任何的配置
• 调用lib.rs中的run函数
• 若run出现错误，则处理错误

src/main.rs

use std::env;  //这个库不支持错误的Unicode编码，如果想要支持则需要std::env::arg_os
use std::process;

use minigrep::Config;

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();  //使得命令行工具得以读取任意命令，并且将其传递、转换为一个vector
    //println!("{:?}", args);
    let config = Config::new(&args).unwrap_or_else(|err|{ //unwrap_or_else可以帮助我们实现用户化的错误信息返回
        println!("Problem parsing arguments: {}", err);
        process::exit(1);
    });

    //println!("Searching for {}", config.query);
    //println!("In the file {}", config.filename);

    //调用run，运行读取文件等操作，main中处理错误：相当于lib中的函数被调用，如果出现错误则把错误抛给main
    if let Err(e) = minigrep::run(config) {
        println!("Application error: {}", e);

        process::exit(1);
    }

}

lib.rs

use std::fs;    //处理文件的库
use std::error::Error;
use std::env;


pub struct Config{
    pub query: String,
    pub filename: String,
    pub case_sensitive: bool,
}

pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {  //Box<dyn Error>会返回一个类型，实现error trait，且我们不需指明这个类型
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;  //问号会从当前的函数返回错误值，给调用者处理

    let results = if config.case_sensitive {
        search(&config.query, &contents)
    }else{
        search_case_insensitive(&config.query, &contents)
    };
    for line in results {
        println!("{}", line);
    }
    Ok(())
}

impl Config{
    pub fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str>{
        if args.len() < 3{
            //panic!("not enough arguments!");
            return Err("not enough arguments!");
        }

        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();
        let case_sensitive = env::var("CASE_INSENSITIVE").is_err();  //调动env::var来返回一个Result
        Ok(Config{ query, filename, case_sensitive })
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn case_sensitive() {
        let query = "duct";
        let contents = "\
Rust:
safe, fast, productive.
Pick three.
Duct tape.";

        assert_eq!(
            vec!["safe, fast, productive."],
            search(query, contents)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn case_insensitive(){
        let query = "rUsT";
        let contents = "\
Rust:
safe, fast, productive.
Pick three.
Trust me.";

        assert_eq!(
            vec!["Rust:", "Trust me."],
            search_case_insensitive(query, contents)
        );
    }
}

pub fn search<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str>{  //检索函数
    let mut results = Vec::new();
    for line in contents.lines(){  //方法line返回一个iter，查找每一行
        if line.contains(query){
            results.push(line);
        }

    }
    results
}

pub fn search_case_insensitive<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
    let query = query.to_lowercase();    //将query中的内容进行小写化
    let mut results = Vec::new();

    for line in contents.lines() {
        if line.to_lowercase().contains(&query) {
            results.push(line);
        }
    }

    results
}

设置环境变量：
CASE_INSENSITIVE=1 cargo run to poem.txt
注意此处我们不关心这个环境变量具体是多少，我们只关心他是否被设置了

peom.txt是文件，里面有一首诗。本章的命令行程序实现了读取文件、大小写敏感\不敏感搜索的任务。上述命令是在poem.txt中搜索关键字to