简洁明要地区分Golang中 string, []byte,[]rune

0. 前导内容

ASCII，GBK和UTF-8各种编码区别 (htmonster.xyz)

1. 官网定义区别

Strings, bytes, runes and characters in Go - The Go Programming Language

1.1 byte 字节

字节大家肯定都熟悉。

字节是计算机的存储单位，1byte=8bits， 1byte 可以表示 2^8=256种情况。

而[]byte 可以理解这样一个个byte组合起来的数组。

1.2 string 字符串

In Go, a string is in effect a **read-only **slice of bytes.

Go中的string是一个只读的字节切片。

It’s important to state right up front that a string holds arbitrary bytes. It is not required to hold Unicode text, UTF-8 text, or any other predefined format. As far as the content of a string is concerned, it is exactly equivalent to a slice of bytes.

string包含着任意字节，不需要预定义任何格式，内容上完全等价于一个字节的切片。

• string=[存储]=>任意长度[]byte

Because some of the bytes in our sample string are not valid ASCII, not even valid UTF-8, printing the string directly will produce ugly output. The simple print statement

由于string存储的字节不是UTF-8（ascill是UTF-8子集）,所以直接通过指定byte形式存储的string打印会很奇怪

 const sample = "\xbd\xb2\x3d\xbc\x20\xe2\x8c\x98" //通过 byte形式直接定义string
 fmt.Println(sample) //��=� ⌘

In short, Go source code is UTF-8, so the source code for the string literal is UTF-8 text. If that string literal contains no escape sequences, which a raw string cannot, the constructed string will hold exactly the source text between the quotes. Thus by definition and by construction the raw string will always contain a valid UTF-8 representation of its contents. Similarly, unless it contains UTF-8-breaking escapes like those from the previous section, a regular string literal will also always contain valid UTF-8.

由于Go源码是以UTF-8形式存储的，所以没有特意地转义去定义一个字符串时，它是以UTF-8形式存储的。

    const placeOfInterest = `⌘`

    fmt.Printf("plain string: ")
    fmt.Printf("%s", placeOfInterest) //⌘

    fmt.Printf("quoted string: ")
    fmt.Printf("%+q", placeOfInterest) //\u2318

    fmt.Printf("hex bytes: ")
    for i := 0; i < len(placeOfInterest); i++ {
        fmt.Printf("%x ", placeOfInterest[i])
    }// e2 8c 98

1.3 rune 符文

“Code point” is a bit of a mouthful, so Go introduces a shorter term for the concept: rune. The term appears in the libraries and source code, and means exactly the same as “code point”, with one interesting addition.

rune其实是Code point的别称 ( Unicode是编码集，UTF-8是编码集合，码点是代码空间的值。

The Go language defines the word rune as an alias for the type int32, so programs can be clear when an integer value represents a code point. Moreover, what you might think of as a character constant is called a rune constant in Go. The type and value of the expression

rune其实就是int32的别名。

2. 总结

• byte，rune是存储上的概念
  • byte=1字节，等价于uint8
  • rune=4字节，等价于int32
• string实际上就是一个任意长度和只读的[]byte
  • 一个字符串字面，如果没有字节级的转义，是以UTF-8形式编码存储和表示。

三者之间转换

str := "test"

//string => []byte
b := []byte(str)

//[]byte => string
str = string(b)

//string => rune
r := []rune(str)

//rune => string
str = string(r)