linux网络原理及基本设置

识别网络设备

• 开机时Linux读取/etc/modprobe.conf文件设定、并根据这些设定决定载入哪些网卡的驱动程序模块
• 为了方便系统的管理和维护，网络设定文件和脚本中都会使用网卡的逻辑名来引用网卡
• 系统中的第1个网卡的逻辑名是eth0
• 在/etc/modprobe.conf文件中将这些网卡的逻辑名对应到系统所监测到的特定网卡
• 好处是可减轻管理员管理和维护系统的工作量

网卡种类与逻辑别名

• 网卡种类与逻辑别名的对应关系：
  • Ethernet卡：eth为字首后跟数字编号作逻辑名
  • Token Ring卡：tr为字首后跟数字编号作逻辑名
  • FDDI卡：fddi为字首后跟数字编号作逻辑名
  • PPP：ppp为字首后跟数字编号作逻辑名
• 每个网卡上都有唯一的编号、该编号由网卡制造商编号和网卡出厂时的序列号两部分组成的：
  

ifconfig或dmesg命令

• 可使用ifconfig或dmesg命令查看系统上网卡编号
• ifconfig中if是interface的缩写、config是configure前6个字母
• dmesg中d是device第1个字母、mesg是message缩写
• 使用ifconfig命令获取所有正在启用的网卡信息:
• 在以上命令显示结果中HWadd是Hardware Address（硬件地址）的缩写、紧跟其后的6组由冒号分隔的十六进制数字为该网卡的硬件地址

[root@dog network-scripts]# vi ficfg-eth0
[root@dog network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-eth0
[root@dog network-scripts]# service network restart
正在关闭接口 eth0： 设备状态：3 （断开连接）
                                                           [确定]
关闭环回接口：                                             [确定]
弹出环回接口：                                             [确定]
弹出界面 eth0： 活跃连接状态：激活中
活跃连接路径：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3
状态：已激活
连接被激活
                                                           [确定]
[root@dog network-scripts]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:02:55:0F  
          inet addr:192.168.40.132  Bcast:192.168.40.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:550f/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2669 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:128 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:177342 (173.1 KiB)  TX bytes:14196 (13.8 KiB)


lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)  TX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)

[root@dog network-scripts]# service network restart
正在关闭接口 eth0： 设备状态：3 （断开连接）
                                                           [确定]
关闭环回接口：                                             [确定]
弹出环回接口：                                             [确定]
弹出界面 eth0： 活跃连接状态：已激活
活跃连接路径：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4
                                                           [确定]
[root@dog network-scripts]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:02:55:0F  
          inet addr:192.168.40.132  Bcast:192.168.40.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:550f/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2893 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:188 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:192377 (187.8 KiB)  TX bytes:19191 (18.7 KiB)


lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:136 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:136 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:10512 (10.2 KiB)  TX bytes:10512 (10.2 KiB)


[root@dog network-scripts]# ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (61.135.169.121) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=99.3 ms
64 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=88.3 ms
^Z
[7]+  Stopped                 ping www.baidu.com


You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@dog network-scripts]# ifdown eth0
设备状态：3 （断开连接）
[root@dog network-scripts]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:02:55:0F  
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:550f/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:11278 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:712 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:780819 (762.5 KiB)  TX bytes:70035 (68.3 KiB)


lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:11446 (11.1 KiB)  TX bytes:11446 (11.1 KiB)


[root@dog network-scripts]# ifup eth0
活跃连接状态：激活中
活跃连接路径：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/15
状态：已激活
连接被激活
[root@dog network-scripts]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:02:55:0F  
          inet addr:192.168.40.132  Bcast:192.168.40.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:550f/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:11281 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:781297 (762.9 KiB)  TX bytes:70665 (69.0 KiB)


lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:11446 (11.1 KiB)  TX bytes:11446 (11.1 KiB)


[root@dog network-scripts]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@dog network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-eth0   ifdown-isdn    ifup-aliases  ifup-plusb     init.ipv6-global
ifcfg-lo     ifdown-post    ifup-bnep     ifup-post      net.hotplug
ifdown       ifdown-ppp     ifup-eth      ifup-ppp       network-functions
ifdown-bnep  ifdown-routes  ifup-ippp     ifup-routes    network-functions-ipv6
ifdown-eth   ifdown-sit     ifup-ipv6     ifup-sit
ifdown-ippp  ifdown-tunnel  ifup-isdn     ifup-tunnel
ifdown-ipv6  ifup           ifup-plip     ifup-wireless
[root@dog network-scripts]# ls -l ifcfg*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 302 6月   1 22:38 ifcfg-eth0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 4月  27 2018 ifcfg-lo
[root@dog network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0
DVICE=eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
UUID=8f0e6033-75c6-4efa-a7f9-24a358fcf65e
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
IPADDR=192.168.40.110
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.40.2
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=no
HWADDR=00:0C:29:02:55:0F
PREFIX=24
DEFROUTE=yes
NAME="System eth0"
LAST_CONNECT=1591064817

[root@dog network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0.bak
[root@dog network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-eth0      ifdown-post    ifup-ippp    ifup-tunnel
ifcfg-eth0.bak  ifdown-ppp     ifup-ipv6    ifup-wireless
ifcfg-lo        ifdown-routes  ifup-isdn    init.ipv6-global
ifdown          ifdown-sit     ifup-plip    net.hotplug
ifdown-bnep     ifdown-tunnel  ifup-plusb   network-functions
ifdown-eth      ifup           ifup-post    network-functions-ipv6
ifdown-ippp     ifup-aliases   ifup-ppp
ifdown-ipv6     ifup-bnep      ifup-routes
ifdown-isdn     ifup-eth       ifup-sit
[root@dog network-scripts]# rm ifcfg-eth0
rm：是否删除普通文件 "ifcfg-eth0"？y
[root@dog network-scripts]# ls ifcfg*
ifcfg-eth0.bak  ifcfg-lo