https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/8259356.html
安装
pip3 install sqlalchemy
-
使用 - - 单表操作
-
执行原生SQL语句
创建表
win使用navicat 或者使用sql语句进行创建
- 单表 原生sql 创建连接及查询
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:rui123@127.0.0.1:3306/db1?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(
"select * from t1"
)
result = cursor.fetchall()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
- ORM 单表 操作 – 连接方式(2种)
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Student
from threading import Thread
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:rui123@127.0.0.1:3306/day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
# ############### 方式 1 ##################
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
def task():
session = SessionFactory()
ret = session.query(Student).all()
return ret
session.close() # 把连接还到连接池
# ############### 方式 2 ##################
# 实现原理就是内部 实现 theding_local(0
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = scoped_session(SessionFactory)
def task():
ret = session.query(Student).all()
return ret
session.remove() # 把连接还到连接池
for i in range(10):
t = Thread(target=task)
t.start()
- ORM 单表 操作
创建表 models
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column
from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Text, Date, DateTime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
Base = declarative_base()
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
def create_all():
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_all():
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_all()
- 表单 增/删/改/查
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from db import Users, Hosts
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)
session.add_all([
Users(name="wupeiqi"),
Users(name="alex"),
Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) #字符串的拼接
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") #数字的相加
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('别名'), Users.age).all() # 别名 == as
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""
session.close()
- 单表 查询条件 详解
# ################ 条件 filter 和 ftilter_by ################
'''
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() # 表达式
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() # 参数 ,filter_by其实内部也会转成
'''
# filter(括号)表示 and
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
# ################ between ################
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
# ################ in ################
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
# ################ not in == ~ ################
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
# ################ 子查询 ################
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter(name='eric'))).all()
# ################ and 和 or 联合使用 ################
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# ################ 通配符 ################
# %代表多个字符 _(下划线)代表1个字符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
# ################ 限制 切片 分页 ################
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
# ################ 排序 order_by ################
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() # desc 从大到小
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # name从大到小, id 从小到大
# ################ 分组 ################
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.id).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id), #分组后对id取大还是取小
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 根据聚合函数进行二次筛选只能用having
# ################ 连表 (默认为内连接)################
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # isout=True 左连接
# ################ 组合 ################
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all() # 两个表上下拼接 union 去重 (类似于join左右拼接)
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all() # /union_all() 是不去重
组合对应sql
select id,name from t1
union
select id,name from t1;
- m2m 联表操作 - 创建表 - - 用户表及部门表 (记录先用Navicat添加)
- 基于 ForeignKey 操作 relationship
# models
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column
from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
Base = declarative_base()
# 创建部门表
class Depart(Base):
__tablename__ = 'depart'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
title = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
# 用户表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
depart_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('depart.id')) # ForeignKey
dp = relationship('Depart', backref='pers') # ralationship 用于反向查找
def create_all():
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:rui123@127.0.0.1:3306/day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0,
pool_size=5,
pool_timeout=10,
)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_all()
使用 - - 多表操作 - - 增/删/改/查
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users, Depart
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:rui123@127.0.0.1:3306/day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionFactory()
'''
# *************** 增 ***************
d1 = Depart(title='运维部')
d1.pers = [Users(name='D1'), Users(name='D1'), Users(name='D1')] # 增加多个用户,在同一个部门
session.add(d1)
session.commit()
*************** 查 ***************
# ralationship 正向查找
# ret = session.query(Users).all()
# for row in ret:
# print(row.id, row.name, row.dp.title)
# ralationship 反向查找
ret = session.query(Depart).filter(Depart.title == '销售').first()
for row in ret.pers:
print(row.id, row.name, row.dp.title)
'''
- m2m - - 多表操作 - 联合唯一
# 创建表 models
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column
from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
Base = declarative_base()
class Student(Base):
__tablename__ = 'student'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
course_list = relationship('Course',secondary='Student2Course', backref='student_list) # 基于 Student2Course 关联 Course表
class Course(Base):
__tablename__ = 'course'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
title = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
class Student2Course(Base):
__tablename__ = 'student2course'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
student_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('student.id'))
course_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('course.id'))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('student_id', 'course_id', name='uni_stu_cou'), # 联合唯一索引
# Index('student_id', 'course_id') # 联合索引
)
def create_all():
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:rui123@127.0.0.1:3306/day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0,
pool_size=5,
pool_timeout=10,
)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_all()
- m2m 基于 relationship 添加表数据 及 创建表关系
# 基于 relationship 创建表关系
obj = Course(title = '英语')
obj.student_list[Student(name='学生三'),Student(name='学生四')]
session.add(obj)
session.commit()
session.close()