长难句原文

1, that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 

2, Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.

3,Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

4, as she put it in The Common Reader, “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”

5,with the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.

6, although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.

7, Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

8, this preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

9, His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the US, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially – based negative prejudgements against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

10, such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

11, it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

12, although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.

13, other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

14, although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

15, in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

16, if one begin by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek description of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact – real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society.

17, thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations.

18, the physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumption. 

19, however, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.

20, as my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.

21, although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, it authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 

22, is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?

23, in addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; dose this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are potted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

24, Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

25, although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into the space.

26, the role those anthropologist ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constrains – ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situation in any culture.

27,which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constrains” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

28, a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

29, perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that over-looked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 

30, studies by Hargrave and Green estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.

31, in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient – poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

32, the hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

33, only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within in with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.

34, the historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the US since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier – that is, the depletion of available new land need 

35, in the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large number, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

36, historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes towards crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 

37, it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth  century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

38, my point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary cities.

39, even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

40, but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non – living matter require knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 

41, Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned – that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
41.伊斯兰法是一种与所有其他形式的法律如此不同的现象-当然，尽管就主题和积极的立法而言，与其中的一种或另一种有相当多的和不可避免的巧合-因此，对伊斯兰法的研究是必不可少的，以便充分理解可能的法律的现象的全部范围。

42, Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform that Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Treatment is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codification of Jewish law in the diaspora.
犹太教法和教会法都比伊斯兰教法更加统一。尽管历史上在古代以色列主权国家的犹太法律和流散（犹太人在以色列被征服后的分散）之间存在明显的断裂，但旧处理法后面部分的法律问题的精神与犹太法典非常接近，犹太法典是流散犹太法律的主要编纂之一。

43, Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islam law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
43，伊斯兰教，另一方面，代表了一个激进的脱离阿拉伯异教之前，它;伊斯兰教法是从宗教角度对法律主题进行审查的结果，这些法律主题远非统一，包括前伊斯兰阿拉伯法律的各种组成部分和从被征服领土上的非阿拉伯人民那里继承来的许多法律要素。

44, one such novel idea is that of interesting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution: specially, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.
44，一个这样的新颖想法是对植物的染色体感兴趣，这些基因不是植物天然构造的一部分：特别是在非豆科植物中插入基因的想法，如果它们能被识别和分离出来的话，使豆科植物适合作为固氮细菌的宿主。因此，对豆科植物的研究日益深入。

45, it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
45，这是自然界最大的讽刺之一，土壤中氮的可用性经常为植物生长设定上限，即使植物的叶子沐浴在氮气的海洋中。

46, unless they succeed, they yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible. 
46，除非他们成功，否则他们的绿色革命成果将在很大程度上丧失，即使豆科植物中使这些植物与固氮剂共生的基因被识别和分离，即使这些基因复合体的转移，一旦他们被发现，成为可能。

47, its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is “life – as – spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic lliad, however, presents “life – as – experience” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
47，它的主题（用梅纳德·麦克的分类）是“作为奇观的生活”，因为读者被它的各种事件转移了注意力，主要从外部观察它的英雄奥德修斯;而悲剧性的利亚德则呈现出“作为经验的生活”：读者被要求认同阿基里斯的思想，他的动机使他成为一个不是特别讨人喜欢的英雄。

48, most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
48，在成年比目鱼的许多明显的不对称性中，最引人注目的是眼睛的位置：在成熟之前，一只眼睛会移动，所以成年比目鱼的两只眼睛都在头的同一侧。

49, A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and radical prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
[49]对汉德林夫妇解释为什么法律的奴隶制直到17世纪60年代才出现的批评表明，应该重新审视关于奴隶制和激进偏见之间关系的假设，应该扩大对南北美洲黑人奴隶不同待遇的解释。

50, The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic racks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists, is the upper mantle.
50、层状地幔理论的最好证据是一个公认的事实，即在海洋岛屿上发现的火山架，被认为是由下地幔产生的地幔柱造成的岛屿，是由与大洋中脊系统的物质根本不同的物质组成的，大多数地质学家认为大洋中脊系统的来源是上地幔。

51, some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
51，然而，一些地质学家根据对地幔捕虏体的观察，认为地幔不是分层的，而是由富含“不相容元素”（倾向于液态而不是固态的元素）的流体向上渗透并根据流体路径的变幻莫测不规则地改变上地幔的部分而产生的不均匀性。

52,fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-B’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
52，fallois提出普鲁斯特曾试图开始一部小说在1908年，放弃了它是什么是一个长期的证明圣-B的失明的真实的性质的伟大写作，发现文章引起个人记忆和虚构的发展，并允许这些接管在一个稳步发展的小说。

53, the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
从抽象的智慧到深刻的梦幻般的感情，有意义的关系的丰富性和复杂性在各个层面上不断呈现和重新排列，使普鲁斯特很难连贯地阐述它们。

54, but those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
54，但我们中的那些谁希望，与科尔布，科尔布的新出版的完整版普鲁斯特的信件1909年将文件的过程中更详细的是失望。

55, now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
55，现在我们也必须审视我们墨西哥裔美国人所经历的文化，从一个主权民族到新来定居者的同胞，最后到一个被征服的民族--我们自己土地上的特许少数民族。

56, it is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
56，可以制备特异性互补DNA（cDNA），其可以用作分子探针以寻找肽激素的信使RNA（mRNA）。如果脑细胞正在制造激素，则细胞将包含这些mRNA。如果脑细胞产生的产物类似于激素，但与它们不相同，那么cDNA仍然应该与这些mRNA结合，但不应该像它们与真正激素的mRNA结合那样紧密。

57, the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
57，使用cDNA探针检测肽激素的分子方法也应该比免疫学方法快得多，因为它可能需要数年冗长的纯化来分离肽激素，然后开发针对它们的抗血清。

58, nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
然而，更新世时代的研究人员已经开发出各种各样的或多或少的幻想模型方案，如果他们负责事件，他们将如何安排冰河时代。

59, this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and event not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposit.
59，这种继承主要是基于一系列沉积物和与冰期和间冰期没有直接关系的事件，而不是基于更常见的现代方法来研究在冰川沉积物内的间冰期床中发现的生物遗迹。

60, there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
60.有人试图用不适当的社会关系来解释这些禁忌，这些不适当的社会关系要么发生在那些参与满足身体需要的人和那些没有同时参与满足身体需要的人之间，要么发生在那些已经吃饱了的人和那些似乎无耻地狼吞虎咽的人之间。

61, many critics of Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.
61，许多评论家艾米丽勃朗特的小说呼啸山庄看到它的第二部分作为一个对位的评论，如果它不扭转，第一部分，其中一个“浪漫”的阅读收到更多的确认。

62, Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.
假定这些因素的存在不需要证明作者对小说结构的意识可以与亨利·詹姆斯的小说结构相媲美，它们确实鼓励了将小说的异质部分统一起来的尝试。

63, this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an-encom-passing interpretation.
这并不是因为这样的解释必然会僵化成一个论题（尽管对这本书或任何一部小说的任何解释的僵化总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》具有不可否认的力量的顽固因素，最终抵制包含在一个通过解释的解释中。

64, the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
64，铅的同位素组成经常因普通铜矿石的一种来源而异，其变化超过测量误差;初步研究表明，来自单一铜矿石来源的铅的同位素组成几乎一致。

65, more probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.
65，更可能是鸟类运输，外部，通过偶然的附件的种子羽毛，或内部，通过吞咽果实和随后的排泄物的种子。

66, A long-term view of the history of the English colonies that became the US has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
从长远来看，1763年之前英国对这些殖民地的政策是由商业利益决定的，而向更帝国主义的政策的转变，由扩张主义的军事目标主导，产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张局势。

67, it is not known rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. n. 同源捕虏体
67，不知道这种相似性是罕见的，或者它是否最常见于硅酸盐如石榴石的内含物中，其晶体学通常与金刚石的晶体学有些相似;但当存在时，这种相似性被认为是钻石和内含物确实是同源的令人信服的证据。国同源捕虏体

68, even the “radical” critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
68，即使是对这种主流研究模式的“激进”批评，如在“分裂的社会”中提出的批评，也过于机械地将族裔同化问题与经济和社会流动性因素联系起来，因此无法阐明波多黎各人作为殖民地少数民族的文化从属地位。

69, they are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected.
69，它们被称为虚粒子，以便将它们与真实的粒子区分开来，真实粒子的寿命不以相同的方式受到限制，并且可以被检测到。

70, open knowledge of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the US in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in women’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable.
70年代，对妇女受压迫的存在的公开知识对50年代的美国来说过于激进，波伏娃的结论是，妇女经济状况的变化，尽管本身不够，“仍然是改善妇女状况的基本因素”，这是特别不可接受的。

71, other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.
71，其他理论家提出，月球是在地球的大部分铁落入其核心后，地球与另一个大型天体的碰撞中从地球的岩石地幔中撕裂出来的。

72, however, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
然而，最近的学术研究强烈地表明，早期新英格兰文化中那些似乎最明显的清教徒的方面，如强烈的宗教取向和公共冲动，甚至不是整个新英格兰的典型特征，而主要局限于马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州这两个殖民地。

73, Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern – acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural model – was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.
因此，与清教徒殖民地相比，戴维斯认为具有南方特色的东西--占有欲、对政治和法律的强烈兴趣以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向--不仅比清教徒马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州所表现出的文化模式更典型地是英国的。但几乎可以肯定的是，从巴巴多斯到罗得岛和新罕布什尔州，大多数其他早期现代英国殖民地的特征。

74, Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg country, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.
74，描绘梅克伦堡国家的民间，北卡罗来纳州州，他记得从童年早期，爵士音乐家和他的哈莱姆时代的廉价屋顶，匹兹堡钢铁工人，以及他在贝宁的古代黑人王国的伪装下重建的古典希腊神话，证明了这一点。

75, a very specialized feeling adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut – sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.
75，浮游动物中一种非常特殊的感觉适应是蝌蚪状的附尾类动物，它们生活在核桃大小（或更小）的粘液气球中，气球上装有过滤器，可以捕获和浓缩浮游植物。

76, these historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.
然而，这些历史学家对同一时期具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展分析得不够充分。

77, apparently most massive starts manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
77，显然大多数大质量的开始设法失去足够的材料，使它们的质量在耗尽核燃料之前下降到1.4M的临界值以下。

78, this is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.
78，即使武装部队在以职业平等为导向的体制变革的精神中运作，并在同工同酬的联邦制裁下运作，情况也是如此。

79, An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth – intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.
79、由于月球体积较小，距离地球更近，因此能够将火星表面的碎片射入与地球相交的轨道的撞击甚至比月球上发生这种事件的可能性更小。

80, Nor only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor – specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.
肝脏移植不仅不会被排斥，而且甚至会导致一种供体特异性无反应状态，在这种状态下，来自该供体的其他器官（如皮肤）的后续移植会被永久接受。

81, As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

82, while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that is was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.

83, the methods that a community devise to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.

84, traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.

85, because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

86, for example, the spiral arrangement of scale – bract complexes on ovule – bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.

87, FE, however, predicted that women would be liberated from “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.

88, it was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead – end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”.

89, The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

90, for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density – independent factors all the time.

91, in order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density – dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density – independent effects act to produce “noise” in population dynamics.

92, but the play’s complex view of Black self – esteem and human solidity as compatible is no more “contradictory” than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self – awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.

93, in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’s to Raisin in the sun?

94, Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth – century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward argument that deserve evaluation.

95, Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.

96, Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

97, it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American revolutionary War?

98, she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

99, although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

100, with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eight-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth – century England readily shifted from home – brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

101, The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them.

102, such philosophical concerns as the mind – body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human question whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.

103, the idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, close examination, to be of quite recent origin.

104, they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy but of research in mathematics and physics.

105, but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution – the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.

106, human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.

107, for the women who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic – as – artist- or – scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.

108, if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid. Verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform – the definition not only precludes the critic- as – artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.

109, these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in s spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars – only now entering the academic profession in substantial number – will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.

110, perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.

111, however, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.

112, In experiments, an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs, but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.

113, recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact on Mars of other meteorites.

114, under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned.

115, none of these translation to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan’s three- years- old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements.

116, Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal – type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained.

117, and Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of resorting genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.

118, is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth?

119, Yet Walzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weakness of capitalism – namely, that is brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

120, the appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited, hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation, of completely conveying the original’s verse structure, tone, and syntax.

121, mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.

122, only in the case of the February revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

123, as a consequence, it may prove difficult for impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

124, anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation – state composed of many disparate groups.

125, the Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez’ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth – century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troups on tour in Spain.

126, it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicago writers, whose English – language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish – language work.

127, this declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that black people in the US could be denied citizenship.

128, the board language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class.

129, this doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.