](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43591980/article/details/109593587)[本文笔记参考自小滴课堂和传智播客JVM学习教程整合而来
一、JVM 入门介绍
JVM 定义
Java Virtual Machine,JAVA程序的运行环境(JAVA二进制字节码的运行环境)
JVM 优势
- 一次编写,到处运行
- 自动内存管理,垃圾回收机制
- 数组下标越界检查
常见的JVM
注:我们笔记所使用的的是HotSpot 版本
JVM JRE JDK的比较
JVM JRE JDK的区别:
学习步骤
学习顺序如下图:(由简到难)
二、内存结构
整体架构
1、程序计数器(寄存器)
Program Counter Register
1.1 作用
程序计数器用于保存JVM中下一条所要执行的指令的地址
0:getstatic #20 // PrintStream out = System.out;
1:astore_1 // --
2:aload_1 // out.println(1);
3:iconst_1 // --
4:invokevirtual #26 // --
5:aload_1 // out.println(2);
6:iconst_2 // --
7:invokevirtual #26 // --
8:aload_1 // out.println(3);
9:iconst_3 // --
10:invokevirtual #26 // --
11:aload_1 // out.println(4);
12:iconst_4 // --
13:invokevirtual #26 // --
14:aload_1 // out.println(5);
15:iconst_5 // --
16:invokevirtual #26 // --
return
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Java指令执行流程:
-
每一条二进制字节码(JVM指令) 通过 解释器 转换成 机器码 然后 就可以被 CPU 执行了!
-
当 解释器 将一条jvm 指令转换成 机器码后 其会 向程序计数器 递交 下一条 jvm 指令的执行地址!
-
程序计数器在硬件层面 其实是通过 寄存器 实现的!
-
所以程序计数器的作用就是:用于保存JVM中下一条所要执行的指令的地址!
1.2 特点
- 线程私有
- CPU会为每个线程分配时间片,当当 前线程的时间片使用完以后,CPU就会去执行另一个线程中的代码
- 程序计数器是每个线程所私有的,当另一个线程的时间片用完,又返回来执行当前线程的代码时,通过程序计数器可以知道应该执行哪一句指令
- 不会存在内存溢出
2、虚拟机栈
Java Virtual Machine Stacks
2.1 定义
- 每个线程运行需要的内存空间,这一空间被称为虚拟机栈(Frames)
- 每个栈由多个栈帧(Frame) 组成,对应着每个方法运行时所占用的内存
- 每个线程只能有一个活动栈帧,对应着当前正在执行的方法,当方法执行时压入栈,方法执行完毕后 弹出栈
2.2 演示
代码
/** * @Auther: csp1999 * @Date: 2020/11/10/11:36 * @Description: 演示栈帧 */ public class Demo01 { public static void main(String[] args) { methodA(); }
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">methodA</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token function">methodB</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">methodB</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> c <span class="token operator">=</span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> c<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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我们打断点来Debug 一下看一下方法执行的流程:
接这往下走,使方法B执行完毕:
然后方法A执行完毕,其对应的栈帧出栈,main方法对应的栈帧为活动栈帧;最后main执行完毕 栈帧出栈,虚拟机栈为空,代码运行结束!
2.3 面试问题辨析
-
1.垃圾回收是否涉及栈内存?
- 不需要。因为虚拟机栈中是由一个个栈帧组成的,在方法执行完毕后,对应的栈帧就会被弹出栈。所以无需通过垃圾回收机制去回收内存。
-
2.栈内存的分配越大越好吗?
- 不是。因为物理内存是一定的,栈内存越大,可以支持更多的递归调用,但是可执行的线程数就会越少。
- 举例:如果物理内存是500M(假设),如果一个线程所能分配的栈内存为2M的话,那么可以有250个线程。而如果一个线程分配栈内存占5M的话,那么最多只能有100 个线程同时执行!
-
3.方法内的局部变量是否是线程安全的?
从图中得出:局部变量如果是静态的可以被多个线程共享,那么就存在线程安全问题。如果是非静态的只存在于某个方法作用范围内,被线程私有,那么就是线程安全的!
看一个案例:
/** * 局部变量的线程安全问题 */ public class Demo02 { public static void main(String[] args) {// main 函数主线程 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append(4); sb.append(5); sb.append(6); new Thread(() -> {// Thread新创建的线程 m2(sb); }).start(); }
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">m1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// sb 作为方法m1()内部的局部变量,是线程私有的 ---> 线程安全</span> StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">m2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>StringBuilder sb<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// sb 作为方法m2()外部的传递来的参数,sb 不在方法m2()的作用范围内</span> <span class="token comment">// 不是线程私有的 ---> 非线程安全</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> StringBuilder <span class="token function">m3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// sb 作为方法m3()内部的局部变量,是线程私有的</span> StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">// sb 为引用类型的变量</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">// 然而方法m3()将sb返回,sb逃离了方法m3()的作用范围,且sb是引用类型的变量</span> <span class="token comment">// 其他线程也可以拿到该变量的 ---> 非线程安全</span> <span class="token comment">// 如果sb是非引用类型,即基本类型(int/char/float...)变量的话,逃离m3()作用范围后,则不会存在线程安全</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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该面试题答案:
- 如果方法内局部变量没有逃离方法的作用范围,则是线程安全的
- 如果局部变量引用了对象,并逃离了方法的作用范围,则需要考虑线程安全问题
2.4 内存溢出
Java.lang.stackOverflowError 栈内存溢出
发生原因
- 1.虚拟机栈中,栈帧过多(无限递归),这种情况比较常见!
- 2.每个栈帧所占用内存过大(某个/某几个栈帧内存直接超过虚拟机栈最大内存),这种情况比较少见!
举2个案例:
案例1:
/** * 演示栈内存溢出 java.lang.StackOverflowError * -Xss256k 可以通过栈内存参数 设置栈内存大小 */ public class Demo03 { private static int count;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token function">method1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Throwable</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>count<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">method1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> count<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">// 统计栈帧个数</span> <span class="token function">method1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">// 方法无限递归,不断产生栈帧 到虚拟机栈</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
最后输出结果:
java.lang.StackOverflowError
at com.haust.jvm_study.demo.Demo03.method1(Demo03.java:21)
...
...
39317// 栈帧个数,不同的虚拟机大小能存放的栈帧数量不一样
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我们可以通过修改参数来指定虚拟机栈内存大小
当我们将虚拟机栈内存缩小到指定的256k的时候再运行Demo03后,会得到其栈内最大栈帧数为:3816 远小于原来的39317!
案例2:
/** * 两个类之间的循环引用问题,导致的栈溢出 * * 解决方案:打断循环,即在员工emp 中忽略其dept属性,放置递归互相调用 */ public class Demo04 {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> JsonProcessingException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> Dept d <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Dept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> d<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Market"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Emp e1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Emp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> e1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"csp"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> e1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setDept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>d<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Emp e2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Emp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> e2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"hzw"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> e2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setDept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>d<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> d<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setEmps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">asList</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> e2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 输出结果:{"name":"Market","emps":[{"name":"csp"},{"name":"hzw"}]}</span> ObjectMapper mapper <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ObjectMapper</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">// 要导入jackson包</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>mapper<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">writeValueAsString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>d<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
/**
-
员工
/
class Emp {
private String name;
@JsonIgnore// 忽略该属性:为啥呢?我们来分析一下!
/*- 如果我们不忽略掉员工对象中的部门属性
- System.out.println(mapper.writeValueAsString(d));
- 会出现下面的结果:
- {
- “name”:“Market”,“emps”:
- [c
-
{"name":"csp",dept:{name:'xxx',emps:'...'}},
-
...
- ]
- }
- 也就是说,输出结果中,部门对象dept的json串中包含员工对象emp,
- 而员工对象emp 中又包含dept,这样互相包含就无线递归下去,json串越来越长…
- 直到栈溢出!
*/
private Dept dept;
public String getName() {
return name;
}public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}public Dept getDept() {
return dept;
}public void setDept(Dept dept) {
this.dept = dept;
}
}
/**
-
部门
*/
class Dept {
private String name;
private List<Emp> emps;public String getName() {
return name;
}public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}public List<Emp> getEmps() {
return emps;
}public void setEmps(List<Emp> emps) {
this.emps = emps;
}
}
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2.5 线程运行诊断
案例1:CPU占用过高
-
Linux环境下运行某些程序的时候,可能导致CPU的占用过高,这时需要定位占用CPU过高的线程
-
top命令,查看是哪个进程占用CPU过高
-
ps H -eo pid, tid(线程id), %cpu | grep 刚才通过top查到的进程号 通过ps命令进一步查看具体是哪个线程占用CPU过高!
-
jstack 进程id 通过查看进程中的线程的nid,刚才通过ps命令看到的tid来对比定位,注意jstack查找出的线程id是16进制的,需要转换
- 可以通过线程id,找到有问题的线程,进一步定位到问题代码的源码行数!
-
我们可以看到上图中的thread1 线程一直在运行(runnable)中,说明就是它占用了较高的CPU内存;
3、本地方法栈
一些带有native 关键字的方法就是需要JAVA去调用本地的C或者C++方法,因为JAVA有时候没法直接和操作系统底层交互,所以需要用到本地方法!
如图:
- 本地接口的作用是融合不同的编程语言为Java所用,它的初衷是融合C/C++程序,Java诞生的时候是C/C++横行的时候,要想立足,必须由调用C/C++程序,于是就在内存中专门开辟了一块区域处理标记为native的代码,它的具体做法是Native Method Stack中登记native方法,在Execution Engine执行时加载native libraies
- 目前该方法的使用的越来越少了,除非是与硬件有关的应用,比如通过Java程序驱动打印机或者Java系统管理生产设备,在企业级应用中已经比较少见。因为现在的异构领域间的通信很发达,比如可以使用Socket通信,也可以使用Web Service等等,不多做介绍
- 本地方法栈(Native Method Stack):(它的具体做法是Native Method Stack中登记native方法,在Execution Engine 执行时加载本地方法库)
- native方法的举例: Object类中的clone wait notify hashCode 等 Unsafe类都是native方法