比较（八）利用python绘制指示器
指示器（Indicators）简介
指示器是一系列相关图的统称，主要用于突出展示某一变量的实际值与目标值的差异，例如常见的数据delta、仪表盘、子弹图、水滴图等。
快速绘制
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基于plotly
更多用法可参考Indicators in Python
import plotly.graph_objects as go fig = go.Figure() # 自定义仪表盘 fig.add_trace(go.Indicator( domain = {'row': 0, 'column': 0}, value = 450, mode = "gauge+number+delta", title = {'text': "Speed"}, delta = {'reference': 380}, gauge = {'axis': {'range': [None, 500]}, 'steps' : [ {'range': [0, 250], 'color': "lightgray"}, {'range': [250, 400], 'color': "gray"}], 'threshold' : {'line': {'color': "red", 'width': 4}, 'thickness': 0.75, 'value': 490}})) # 自定义子弹图 fig.add_trace(go.Indicator( domain = {'x': [0.05, 0.5], 'y': [0.15, 0.35]}, mode = "number+gauge+delta", value = 180, delta = {'reference': 200}, gauge = { 'shape': "bullet", 'axis': {'range': [None, 300]}, 'threshold': { 'line': {'color': "black", 'width': 2}, 'thickness': 0.75, 'value': 170}, 'steps': [ {'range': [0, 150], 'color': "gray"}, {'range': [150, 250], 'color': "lightgray"}], 'bar': {'color': "black"}})) # 基本delta fig.add_trace(go.Indicator( domain = {'row': 0, 'column': 1}, mode = "delta", value = 300, )) # 自定义delta fig.add_trace(go.Indicator( domain = {'row': 1, 'column': 1}, mode = "number+delta", value = 40, )) fig.update_layout( grid = {'rows': 2, 'columns': 2, 'pattern': "independent"}, template = {'data' : {'indicator': [{ 'title': {'text': "Speed"}, 'mode' : "number+delta+gauge", 'delta' : {'reference': 90}}] }})
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基于pyecharts
仪表盘只能居中，无法改变位置。水球图可以通过center参数改变位置。
更多用法可以参考pyecharts-gallery
from pyecharts import options as opts from pyecharts.charts import Gauge, Liquid, Grid, Page # 创建仪表盘图表 g = ( Gauge() .add("基本仪表盘", [("完成率", 66.6)], title_label_opts=opts.GaugeTitleOpts(font_size=20, offset_center=[0,35]), detail_label_opts=opts.GaugeDetailOpts(formatter='{value}%', offset_center=[0,60]), radius="50%") .set_global_opts( legend_opts=opts.LegendOpts(is_show=False), tooltip_opts=opts.TooltipOpts(is_show=True, formatter="{a} <br/>{b} : {c}%") ) ) # 创建水球图 c = ( Liquid() .add("lq", [0.6, 0.7], center=["80%", "50%"]) ) # 在一个页面中显示两个图表，调整每个图的宽度 grid = ( Grid() .add(g, grid_opts=opts.GridOpts(pos_left="10%", pos_right="55%")) .add(c, grid_opts=opts.GridOpts(pos_left="60%", pos_right="10%")) ) grid.render_notebook()
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基于matplotlib
# 创建子弹图的函数 def bulletgraph(data=None, limits=None, labels=None, axis_label=None, title=None, size=(5, 3), palette=None, formatter=None, target_color="gray", bar_color="black", label_color="gray"): ''' data: 需要绘制的数据，通常是一个二维列表，列表的元素为三元组，分别表示图例、目标值和实际值。例如：[["图例A", 60, 75]] limits: 子弹图的分段标准，例如：[20, 60, 100] 表示图形将被分成 <20, 20-60, >60-100 这几个区段 labels: 子弹图中每个区段的名称 axis_label: x轴的标签 title: 图形标题 size: 图形大小 palette: 子弹图的颜色板 formatter: 用于格式化x轴刻度的格式器 target_color: 目标值线条的颜色，默认是灰色 bar_color: 实际值条形的颜色，默认黑色 label_color: 标签文本颜色，默认灰色 ''' # 确定最大值来调整条形图的高度（除以10似乎效果不错） h = limits[-1] / 10 # 默认使用sns的绿色调色板 if palette is None: palette = sns.light_palette("green", len(limits), reverse=False) # 如果只有一组数据，创建一个子图；否则，根据数据的数量创建多个子图 if len(data) == 1: fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=size, sharex=True) else: fig, axarr = plt.subplots(len(data), figsize=size, sharex=True) # 针对每个子图，添加一个子弹图条形 for idx, item in enumerate(data): # 从创建的子图数组中获取轴对象 if len(data) > 1: ax = axarr[idx] # 格式设置，移除多余的标记杂项 ax.set_aspect('equal') ax.set_yticks([1]) ax.set_yticklabels([item[0]]) ax.spines['bottom'].set_visible(False) ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False) ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False) ax.spines['left'].set_visible(False) prev_limit = 0 # 画出各个区段的柱形图 for idx2, lim in enumerate(limits): ax.barh([1], lim - prev_limit, left=prev_limit, height=h, color=palette[idx2]) prev_limit = lim rects = ax.patches # 画出表示实际值的条形图 ax.barh([1], item[1], height=(h / 3), color=bar_color) # 计算y轴的范围，确保目标线条的长度适应 ymin, ymax = ax.get_ylim() # 画出表示目标值的线条 ax.vlines(item[2], ymin * .9, ymax * .9, linewidth=1.5, color=target_color) # 添加标签 if labels is not None: for rect, label in zip(rects, labels): height = rect.get_height() ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width() / 2, -height * .4, label, ha='center', va='bottom', color=label_color) # 设置x轴刻度的格式 if formatter: ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter) # 设置x轴的标签 if axis_label: ax.set_xlabel(axis_label) # 设置子图的标题 if title: fig.suptitle(title, fontsize=14) # 调整子图之间的间隔 fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0)import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns from matplotlib.ticker import FuncFormatter import matplotlib as mpl plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] # 用来正常显示中文标签 # 格式化为货币 def money(x, pos): return "${:,.0f}".format(x) # 通过自定义函数格式化刻度值 money_fmt = FuncFormatter(money) # 自定义数据 data = [("HR", 50000, 60000), ("Marketing", 75000, 65000), ("Sales", 125000, 80000), ("R&D", 195000, 115000)] # 自定义颜色 palette = sns.light_palette("grey", 3, reverse=False) # 绘制子弹图 bulletgraph(data, limits=[50000, 125000, 200000], labels=["Below", "On Target", "Above"], size=(10,5), axis_label="年终预算", label_color="black", bar_color="#252525", target_color='#f7f7f7', palette=palette, title="营销渠道预算绩效", formatter=money_fmt)
定制多样化的指示器
利用plotly模拟仪表盘
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import numpy as np
plot_bgcolor = "white"
quadrant_colors = [plot_bgcolor, "#f25829", "#f2a529", "#eff229", "#85e043", "#2bad4e"]
quadrant_text = ["", "<b>Very high</b>", "<b>High</b>", "<b>Medium</b>", "<b>Low</b>", "<b>Very low</b>"]
n_quadrants = len(quadrant_colors) - 1
current_value = 450
min_value = 0
max_value = 600
# 指针长度
hand_length = np.sqrt(2) / 4
# 指针角度
hand_angle = np.pi * (1 - (max(min_value, min(max_value, current_value)) - min_value) / (max_value - min_value))
fig = go.Figure(
data=[
# 半圆型饼图构造仪表盘
go.Pie(
values=[0.5] + (np.ones(n_quadrants) / 2 / n_quadrants).tolist(),
rotation=90,
hole=0.5,
marker_colors=quadrant_colors,
text=quadrant_text,
textinfo="text",
hoverinfo="skip",
),
],
layout=go.Layout(
showlegend=False,
margin=dict(b=0,t=10,l=10,r=10),
width=450,
height=450,
paper_bgcolor=plot_bgcolor,
# 注释
annotations=[
go.layout.Annotation(
text=f"Speed Now: {current_value}",
x=0.5, xanchor="center", xref="paper",
y=0.4, yanchor="bottom", yref="paper",
showarrow=False,
)
],
# 指针
shapes=[
# 圆点
go.layout.Shape(
type="circle",
x0=0.48, x1=0.48,
y0=0.52, y1=0.52,
fillcolor="#333",
line_color="#333",
),
# 线
go.layout.Shape(
type="line",
x0=0.5, x1=0.5 + hand_length * np.cos(hand_angle),
y0=0.5, y1=0.5 + hand_length * np.sin(hand_angle),
line=dict(color="#333", width=4)
)
]
)
)
fig.show()
总结
以上通过plotly、pyecharts和matplotlib绘制了各种各样的指示器。也利用plotly通过自定义方式模拟出仪表盘的效果。
共勉～
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