bind 跟服务器修改,DNS服务(bind9)配置过程

DNS服务器配置过程

作者:

修改日期:2006年2月23日

基础知识介绍

域名系统(Domain Name System)是一个世界级的分布式数据库,期主要任务是将“主机名称”对应到“IP地址”上。

最常用的软件是BIND(Berkeley Internet Name Domain)。

DNS有四种资源:

A

A记录代表“主机名称”与“IP地址”的对应关系,期作用是将名称转换成IP地址。

CNAME

某些名称并没有对应的IP地址,而是对应一个主机名称的别名。CNAME记录代表“别名”与“规范主机名称”(Canoical Hostname)之间的对应关系。

MX

MX记录提供邮件路由信息。这些记录提供Domain的“邮件交换器”(Mail Exchange)的主机名称以及相对应的优先级。

PTR

PTR记录代表“IP地址”与“主机名称”的对应关系,期作用与A记录刚好相反。

SOA

域权威开始

NS

权威域名服务器

安装环境:

Fedora 4

bind-9.2.6.tar.gz

卸载原来系统自带的bind服务

# rpm -qa|grep bind

bind-libs-9.3.1-4

bind-utils-9.3.1-4

# rpm -e --nodeps bind*

一、安装BIND

1、准备工作

下载稳定的BIND服务器进行安装,下载地址:

wget

安装gcc

2、编译安装BIND

#tar zxvf bind-9.2.6.tar.gz

#cd bind-9.2.6

#./configure -sysconfdir=/etc/bind

#make

#makeinstall

配置BIND

二、配置根服务器

1、修改配置文件

# vi /etc/bind/named.conf

options {

directory "/var/bind";

};

zone "." {

type hint;

file "named.ca";

};

2、建立工作目录

#mkdir /var/bind

3、查询根DNS服务器

# dig -t NS .

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -t NS .

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;.INNS

;; ANSWER SECTION:

.139616INNSG.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSH.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSI.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSJ.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSK.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSL.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSM.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSA.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSB.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSC.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSD.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSE.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.139616INNSF.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.485712INA192.58.128.30

;; Query time: 51 msec

;; SERVER: 172.xx.xx.11#53(172.xx.xx.11)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 01:55:39 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 244

#

#echo "nameserver 192.58.128.30" >/etc/resolv.conf

#

4、将跟记录加入到/etc/resolv.conf文件中

#echo "nameserver 192.58.128.30" >/etc/resolv.conf

5、将跟服务器的信息导入到/var/bind/named.ca文件中

#dig -t NS . >/var/bind/named.ca

#cat /var/bind/named.ca

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -t NS .

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 13

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;.INNS

;; ANSWER SECTION:

.517472INNSM.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSA.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSB.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSC.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSD.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSE.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSF.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSG.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSH.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSI.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSJ.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

.517472INNSK.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

. 517472INNSL.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA198.41.0.4

B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.228.79.201

C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.33.4.12

D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA128.8.10.90

E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.203.230.10

F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.5.5.241

G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.112.36.4

H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA128.63.2.53

I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.36.148.17

J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA192.58.128.30

K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA193.0.14.129

L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA198.32.64.12

M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.603872INA202.12.27.33

;; Query time: 478 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 12:21:35 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 436

6、配置rndc

#rndc-confgen >/etc/bind/rndc.conf

# cat -n /etc/bind/rndc.conf

1# Start of rndc.conf

2key "rndc-key" {

3algorithm hmac-md5;

4secret "OJuPxS0u/5tJ71W8ypj4fA==";

5};

6

7options {

8default-key "rndc-key";

9default-server 127.0.0.1;

10default-port 953;

11};

12# End of rndc.conf

13

14# Use with the following in named.conf, adjusting the allow list as needed:

15 # key "rndc-key" {

16#algorithm hmac-md5;

17#secret "OJuPxS0u/5tJ71W8ypj4fA==";

18# };

19#

20# controls {

21#inet 127.0.0.1 port 953

22#allow { 127.0.0.1; } keys { "rndc-key"; };

23# };

24# End of named.conf

#

7、将rndc中的部分记录导入到/etc/bind/named.conf文件中,并修改/etc/bind/named.conf,将导入的配置前面的注释去掉。

#tail +13 /etc/bind/rndc.conf>>/etc/bind/named.conf

8、检查并重新启动named服务,查看日志文件并检查rndc访问状态

#ps -axu|grep named

#killall named

#ps -axu|grep named

#named

#ps -axu|grep named

#tail /var/log/messages

#rndc status

number of zones: 2

debug level: 0

xfers running: 0

xfers deferred: 0

soa queries in progress: 0

query logging is OFF

server is up and running

#

9、修改/etc/resolv.conf,并使用host命令测试

#echo “nameserver 127.0.0.1”>/etc/resolv.conf

# host

has address 198.133.219.25

三、配置localhost区域

(一)、配置localhost的正向区域

1、修改/etc/bind/named.conf,插入如下内容

zone "localhost" {

type master;

file "db.local";

};

2、配置/var/bind/db.local;

$TTL 900

@INSOAlocalhost.root (

2006021401;serial number

1H;refresh

15M;retry

1W;expire

1D );TTL

INNS@

INA127.0.0.1

3、测试

# rndc reload

# host localhost

# host localhost

# dig localhost

# dig -t NS localhost

# dig -t A localhost

# rndc reload

# host localhost

localhost has address 127.0.0.1

# dig localhost

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> localhost

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;localhost.INA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

localhost.86400INA127.0.0.1

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

localhost.86400INNSlocalhost.

;; Query time: 52 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 13:06:21 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 57

# dig -t NS localhost

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -t NS localhost

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;localhost.INNS

;; ANSWER SECTION:

localhost.86400INNSlocalhost.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

localhost.86400INA127.0.0.1

;; Query time: 44 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 13:07:54 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 57

# dig -t A localhost

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -t A localhost

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;localhost.INA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

localhost.86400INA127.0.0.1

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

localhost.86400INNSlocalhost.

;; Query time: 42 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 13:08:00 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 57

#

(二)、配置127.0.0的反向区域

1、修改/etc/bind/named.conf,添加如下内容

zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {

type master;

file "127.0.0.zone";

};

2、创建/var/bind/127.0.0.zone,添加如下内容

$TTL 900

@INSOA@root.localhost. (

20060214

1H

15M

1W

1D )

INNSlocalhost.

1INPTRlocalhost.

3、重新启动rndc访问,并测试

# rndc reload

#host 127.0.0.1

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer localhost.

# dig -x 127.0.0.1

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -x 127.0.0.1

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.INPTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 86400INPTRlocalhost.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.86400INNSlocalhost.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

localhost.86400INA127.0.0.1

;; Query time: 73 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 15:47:31 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 93

#

×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

四、配置zhoullj.com区域

(一)、配置zhoullj.com区域

1、配置/etc/bind/named.conf文件,加入如下内容

zone "zhoulj.com" {

type master;

file " db.zhoulj.com ";

};

2、配置/var/bind/ db.zhoulj.com

$TTL 900

@INSOAzhoulj.com.root (

2006021401;serial number

1H;refresh

15M;retry

1W;expire

1D );TTL

INNS@

zhoulj.comINMX 10mx1.zhoulj.com

zhoulj.comINMX 20mx2.zhoulj.com

INA172.17.1.172

nsINA172.17.1.172

wwwINA172.17.1.201

mx1INA172.17.1.1

mx2INA172.17.1.2

ftpINA172.17.1.201

newsINCNAMEwww

3、重新启动rndc服务进行测试

# rndc reload

# host -t A zhoulj.com

zhoulj.com has address 172.17.1.172

# host -t A zhoulj.com

zhoulj.com has address 172.17.1.172

# host -t NS zhoulj.com

zhoulj.com name server zhoulj.com.

(二)、增加的反向区域

1、修改/etc/bind/named.conf,添加如下内容

zone "1.17.172.in-addr.arpa" {

type master;

file "db.172.17.1 ";

};

2、创建/var/bind/db.172.17.1,添加如下内容

$TTL 900

@INSOAzhoulj.comroot.zhoulj.com. (

2006022301

1H

15M

1W

1D )

INNSzhoulj.com.

201INPTR

1INPTRmail.zhoulj.com.

202INPTRftp.zhoulj.com.

3、重新启动rndc访问,并测试

# rndc reload

[root@localhost named]# host 172.17.1.201

201.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer

201.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer ftp.zhoulj.com.

[root@localhost named]# host 172.17.1.1

1.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer mail.zhoulj.com.

[root@localhost named]# dig -x 172.17.1.201

; <<>> DiG 9.2.6 <<>> -x 172.17.1.201

;; global options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;201.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa.INPTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

201.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa. 86400 INPTR

201.1.17.172.in-addr.arpa. 86400 INPTRftp.zhoulj.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

1.17.172.in-addr.arpa.86400INNSzhoulj.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

zhoulj.com.86400INA172.17.1.172

;; Query time: 67 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 14 18:15:20 2006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 119

五、建立授权子域

1、修改/var/bind/zhoulj.com.db,添加如下内容

domainINNSns.domain

ns.domain INA172.17.1.171

重启动rndc服务

#rndc reload

2、安装一台子域服务器,安装BIND服务器后,配置根域等(前面和主域服务器的内容基本一致),配置子域服务器上的/etc/bind/named.conf配置文件,添加一个子域,内容如下内容

zone "domain.zhoulj.com" {

type master;

file "domain.zhoulj.com.db";

};

3、编辑子域里面的/var/bind/ domain.zhoulj.com.db

$TTL 900

@INSOAzhoulj.com.root (

2006021502;serial

36000;1hour

7500;15M

3600000;

86400 );TTL

INNSns

nsINA172.17.1.171

wwwINA172.16.17.2

4、重启动服务,测试分别在主域的服务器和子域服务器上测试,分别在子域控制

#rndc reload

# host

has address 172.16.17.2

六、DNS访问的安全控制

1、修改配置文件/etc/bind/named.conf,在options中加入pid文件的目录

options {

directory "/var/bind";

pid-file "/var/run/bind/named.pid";

};

2、建立named用户,建立bind的pid文件的目,并更改权限为named用户所有

# useradd -s /bin/false -d /dev/null named

# id named

uid=501(named) gid=501(named) groups=501(named)

# chown named.named /var/run/bind

# chmod 700 /var/run/bind

3、重启named服务

# killall -9 named

# named -u named

# tail /var/log/messages

# ps -axu|grep named

4、添加到系统服务中,使其跟服务器同时启动

# which named

/usr/local/sbin/named

# echo "/usr/local/sbin/named -u named" >> /etc/ rc.local

七、DNS高级控制

1、建立访问控制列表

修改配置文件/etc/bind/named.conf,在options前面加入acl规则,语法如下:

acl our-nets {

10.140.0.0/16;

};

2、允许acl中的IP地址进行递归查询

修改配置文件/etc/bind/named.conf,在options{};中加入允许查询的规则,语法如下:

allow-recursion {

our-nets;

};

用host和nslookup进行测试

3、允许acl中的IP地址进行查询

修改配置文件/etc/bind/named.conf,在options{};中加入允许查询的规则,语法如下:

allow-recursion {

our-nets;

};

用host和nslookup进行测试

八、DNS与邮件系统

假设foo.com域的邮件服务器为mail.foo.com;bar.com该域的域的邮件服务器为mail.bar.com。foo.com域有一个名为Jack的用户。他要给bar.com的Rose用户发信。首先他的邮件服务器通过DNS查询bar.com的MX记录,找到他的MX记录,然后foo.com的邮件服务器mail.foo.com把新发给bar.com域的邮件服务器mail.bar.com,mail.bar.com察看是给自己域的用户的信,收下该信,投递到Rose用户的邮箱里面,等待Rose来收取。

在本例中有2条MX记录

zhoulj.comINMX 10mx1.zhoulj.com

zhoulj.comINMX 20mx2.zhoulj.com

第一列是域名,第二列(IN)表示这些资源都在Intenet上,第三列(MX)表示他们是“邮件交换器”(Mail eXchange)的资源记录,第四列是优先级,最后一列是主机名。

这里需要说明的是优先级的值,是0~65535之间的数字,数值越小优先级高。

# dig -t MX

zhoulj.com

; <<>> DiG

9.2.6 <<>> -t MX zhoulj.com

;; global

options:printcmd

;; Got answer:

;;

->>HEADER<

;; flags: qr aa rd

ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 3

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;zhoulj.com.INMX

;; ANSWER SECTION:

zhoulj.com.900INMX20 mx2.zhoulj.com.

zhoulj.com.900INMX10 mx1.zhoulj.com.

;; AUTHORITY

SECTION:

zhoulj.com.900INNSzhoulj.com.

;; ADDITIONAL

SECTION:

mx1.zhoulj.com.900INA172.17.1.1

mx2.zhoulj.com.900INA172.17.1.2

zhoulj.com.900INA172.17.1.172

;; Query time: 3

msec

;; SERVER:

127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Tue Feb 1418:40:252006

;; MSG SIZErcvd: 130

九、配置辅助域名服务器

1、配置辅助域名服务器的配置文件/etc/bind/named.conf,前面和主域名服务器是相同的,加入如下内容:

zone "zhoulj.com" {

type slave;

file "zhoulj.com.db.slave";

masters { 172.17.1.172; };

};

2、更改/var/bind目录的权限,让named组可以写,这一点很重要,如果不可以写,辅助域的文件不能建立。

# chgrp -R named named/

# chmod g+w /var/bind/

3、进行测试

停掉主dns服务器,查看备份dns是否能够正常工作,

可以查看/var/log/messages文件,检查备份服务器的状态。

4、允许特定的备份服务器进行dns备份工作,在/etc/bind/named.conf里面添加下面内容:

//allow slave DNS server to back up.

allow-transfer

{

any;

};

any参数允许所有的机器进行备份,把any可以换成特定的IP地址。

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