两角和与差公式:
sin
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sin
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cos
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cos
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sin
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\sin (\alpha \pm \beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta
sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ
cos
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cos
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cos
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sin
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sin
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\cos (\alpha \pm \beta)=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta
cos(α±β)=cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ
tan
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tan
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tan
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\tan (\alpha \pm \beta)=\frac{\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta}{1 \mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta}
tan(α±β)=1∓tanαtanβtanα±tanβ
证: sin ( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β \sin (\alpha+\beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta+\cos \alpha \sin \beta sin(α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ
在笛卡尔坐标系中以原点O为圆心作单位圆,在单位圆中作以下线段
如图中所示,容易看出: sin ( α + β ) = C F ; sin α = A B ; cos α = O B ; sin β = C D ; cos β = O D \sin (\alpha+\beta)=C F ; \quad \sin \alpha=A B ; \quad \cos \alpha=OB ; \quad \sin \beta=C D ; \cos \beta=OD sin(α+β)=CF;sinα=AB;cosα=OB;sinβ=CD;cosβ=OD
则:
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S_{\Delta O C A}=\frac{1}{2} \times 1 \times C F=\frac{1}{2} \times 1 \times \sin (\alpha+\beta)
SΔOCA=21×1×CF=21×1×sin(α+β)
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S_{\Delta O C E}=S_{\Delta O C B}-S_{\Delta C E B}
SΔOCE=SΔOCB−SΔCEB
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=\frac{1}{2} \times O B \times C D-S_{\Delta C E B}
=21×OB×CD−SΔCEB
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\quad=\frac{1}{2} \times \cos \alpha \times \sin \beta-S_{\Delta C E B}
=21×cosα×sinβ−SΔCEB
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S_{\Delta O A E}=S_{\Delta O A D}+S_{\triangle A E D}
SΔOAE=SΔOAD+S△AED
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=\frac{1}{2} \times O D \times A B+S_{\triangle A E D}
=21×OD×AB+S△AED
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=\frac{1}{2} \times \cos \beta \times \sin \alpha+S_{\triangle A E D}
=21×cosβ×sinα+S△AED
S Δ O C A = 1 2 × 1 × sin ( α + β ) = S Δ O C E + S Δ O A E = ( 1 2 × cos α × sin β − S Δ C E B ) + ( 1 2 × cos β × sin α + S △ A E D ) S_{\Delta O C A}=\frac{1}{2} \times 1 \times \sin (\alpha+\beta)= S_{\Delta O C E}+S_{\Delta O A E}=\left(\frac{1}{2} \times \cos \alpha \times \sin \beta-S_{\Delta C E B})+\left(\frac{1}{2} \times \cos \beta \times \sin \alpha+S_{\triangle A E D}\right)\right. SΔOCA=21×1×sin(α+β)=SΔOCE+SΔOAE=(21×cosα×sinβ−SΔCEB)+(21×cosβ×sinα+S△AED)
容易看出, S △ A B D = S Δ A B C = 1 2 × A B × B D S_{\triangle A B D}=S_{\Delta A B C}=\frac{1}{2} \times A B \times B D S△ABD=SΔABC=21×AB×BD ,而 S △ A B E S_{\triangle A B E} S△ABE 是公共三角形, ∴ S △ A E D = S △ C E B , \quad \therefore S_{\triangle{AED}}=S_{\triangle{CEB}}, ∴S△AED=S△CEB,
可得到: sin ( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β \sin (\alpha+\beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta+\cos \alpha \sin \beta sin(α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ
对于 sin ( α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β \sin (\alpha-\beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta-\cos \alpha \sin \beta sin(α−β)=sinαcosβ−cosαsinβ,只要将 sin ( α + β ) \sin (\alpha+\beta) sin(α+β) 中的 β \beta β 唤成 ( − β ) (-\beta) (−β) 即可。
**二倍角公式:**由和公式,当 α = β \alpha = \beta α=β,得到:
sin
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\sin 2 \alpha=2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha
sin2α=2sinαcosα
cos
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\cos 2 \alpha=\cos ^{2} \alpha-\sin ^{2} \alpha
cos2α=cos2α−sin2α
tan
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\tan 2 \alpha=\frac{2 \tan \alpha}{1-\tan ^{2} \alpha}
tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα
由于 sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 \sin^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha=1 sin2α+cos2α=1,故 cos 2 α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α = 1 − 2 sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 \cos 2 \alpha=\cos ^{2} \alpha-\sin ^{2} \alpha=1-2 \sin ^{2} \alpha=2 \cos ^{2} \alpha-1 cos2α=cos2α−sin2α=1−2sin2α=2cos2α−1
降幂公式: 由二倍角公式得到
sin
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\sin ^{2} \alpha=\frac{1-\cos 2 \alpha}{2}
sin2α=21−cos2α
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\cos ^{2} \alpha=\frac{1+\cos 2 \alpha}{2}
cos2α=21+cos2α
半角公式:由降幂公式令 α \alpha α为 α 2 \frac{\alpha}{2} 2α
sin 2 α 2 = 1 − cos α 2 , cos 2 α 2 = 1 + cos α 2 \sin ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha}{2} , \cos ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1+\cos \alpha}{2} sin22α=21−cosα,cos22α=21+cosα tan 2 α 2 = sin 2 α 2 cos 2 α 2 = 1 − cos α 1 + cos α \tan ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{\sin ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}}{ \cos ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha}{1+\cos \alpha} tan22α=cos22αsin22α=1+cosα1−cosα
tan α 2 = sin α 2 cos α 2 = sin 2 α 2 sin α 2 ⋅ cos α 2 = 1 2 ( 1 − cos α ) 1 2 sin α = 1 − cos α sin α \tan \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha}{2}}{\cos \frac{\alpha}{2}}=\frac{\sin ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}}{\sin \frac{\alpha}{2} \cdot \cos \frac{\alpha}{2}}=\frac{\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos \alpha)}{\frac{1}{2} \sin \alpha}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha} tan2α=cos2αsin2α=sin2α⋅cos2αsin22α=21sinα21(1−cosα)=sinα1−cosα
tan α 2 = sin α 2 cos α 2 = sin α 2 ⋅ cos α 2 cos 2 α 2 = sin α 1 + cos α \tan \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha}{2}}{\cos \frac{\alpha}{2}}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha}{2} \cdot \cos \frac{\alpha}{2}}{\cos ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}}=\frac{\sin \alpha}{1+\cos \alpha} tan2α=cos2αsin2α=cos22αsin2α⋅cos2α=1+cosαsinα
万能公式:利用二倍角证明,
sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α = 2 sin α cos α cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 2 tan α 1 + tan 2 α \sin 2 \alpha=2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha=\frac{2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha}{\cos ^{2} \alpha+\sin ^{2} \alpha}=\frac{2 \tan \alpha}{1+\tan ^{2} \alpha} sin2α=2sinαcosα=cos2α+sin2α2sinαcosα=1+tan2α2tanα
cos 2 α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1 − tan 2 α 1 + tan 2 α \cos 2 \alpha=\frac{\cos ^{2} \alpha-\sin ^{2} \alpha}{\cos ^{2} \alpha+\sin ^{2} \alpha}=\frac{1-\tan ^{2} \alpha}{1+\tan ^{2} \alpha} cos2α=cos2α+sin2αcos2α−sin2α=1+tan2α1−tan2α
tan 2 α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α \tan 2 \alpha=\frac{2 \tan \alpha}{1-\tan ^{2} \alpha} tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα
积化和差公式:由两角和与差公式, sin ( α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β \sin (\alpha \pm \beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ,将 sin ( α + β ) \sin (\alpha + \beta) sin(α+β)与 sin ( α − β ) \sin (\alpha - \beta) sin(α−β)相加,得到 sin α cos β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ] \sin \alpha \cos \beta=\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha+\beta)+\sin (\alpha-\beta)] sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)],
将 sin ( α + β ) \sin (\alpha + \beta) sin(α+β)与 sin ( α − β ) \sin (\alpha - \beta) sin(α−β)相减,得到 cos α sin β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) ] \cos \alpha \sin \beta=\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha+\beta)-\sin (\alpha-\beta)] cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)],
cos ( α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β \cos (\alpha \pm \beta)=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta cos(α±β)=cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ,将 cos ( α + β ) \cos (\alpha + \beta) cos(α+β)与 cos ( α − β ) \cos (\alpha - \beta) cos(α−β)相加,得到 cos α cos β = 1 2 [ cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α − β ) ] \cos \alpha \cos \beta=\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha+\beta)+\cos (\alpha-\beta)] cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)]
将 cos ( α + β ) \cos(\alpha + \beta) cos(α+β)与 cos ( α − β ) \cos(\alpha - \beta) cos(α−β)相减,得到 sin α sin β = − 1 2 [ cos ( α + β ) − cos ( α − β ) ] \sin \alpha \sin \beta=-\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha+\beta)-\cos (\alpha-\beta)] sinαsinβ=−21[cos(α+β)−cos(α−β)]
和差化积公式:由积化和差公式 sin α cos β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ] \sin \alpha \cos \beta=\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha+\beta)+\sin (\alpha-\beta)] sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)],令 x = α + β x=\alpha+\beta x=α+β, y = α − β y=\alpha-\beta y=α−β,代入替换 α \alpha α与 β \beta β, 可得到:
sin
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\sin \alpha+\sin \beta=2 \sin \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}
sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β
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\sin \alpha-\sin \beta=2 \cos \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \sin \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}
sinα−sinβ=2cos2α+βsin2α−β
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\cos \alpha+\cos \beta=2 \cos \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}
cosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β
cos
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\cos \alpha-\cos \beta=-2 \sin \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \sin \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}
cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β