python怎么保存图片_python将图像保存为pdf及图片

引言:

用python进行机器学习时需要分析数据画图及结果画图需要保存结果图片，为此，本博客稍微总结了一下常用的图片数据保存，如保存图像数据为pdf.

下面是一个用pytorch搭建的LSTM对sin函数进行预测，但是这不是本博客的重点，重点是总结一下图像数据保存，虽然内容小，但是对于像我这样的新手，显然不可或缺。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

Created on Sat May 4 18:38:06 2019

@author: adminster

"""

#机器学习或者深度学习，拟合程度可以非常高，但是要注意其泛化能力

from __future__ import print_function

import torch

import torch.nn as nn

import torch.optim as optim

import numpy as np

import matplotlib

matplotlib.use('Agg')

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

class Sequence(nn.Module): #序列模型，名字能理解

def __init__(self):

super(Sequence, self).__init__()

self.lstm1 = nn.LSTMCell(1, 51)

self.lstm2 = nn.LSTMCell(51, 51)

self.linear = nn.Linear(51, 1)

def forward(self, input, future = 0):

outputs = []

h_t = torch.zeros(input.size(0), 51, dtype=torch.double)

c_t = torch.zeros(input.size(0), 51, dtype=torch.double)

h_t2 = torch.zeros(input.size(0), 51, dtype=torch.double)

c_t2 = torch.zeros(input.size(0), 51, dtype=torch.double)

for i, input_t in enumerate(input.chunk(input.size(1), dim=1)):

print('i,input_t',i,input_t.shape)

h_t, c_t = self.lstm1(input_t, (h_t, c_t))

h_t2, c_t2 = self.lstm2(h_t, (h_t2, c_t2))#承接关系

output = self.linear(h_t2)#h是记住的特征信息的状态

print('output',output.shape)

outputs += [output]

for i in range(future):# if we should predict the future

h_t, c_t = self.lstm1(output, (h_t, c_t))

h_t2, c_t2 = self.lstm2(h_t, (h_t2, c_t2))

output = self.linear(h_t2)

outputs += [output]

outputs = torch.stack(outputs, 1).squeeze(2)

return outputs

if __name__ == '__main__':

# set random seed to 0#查看之前结果的好方法

np.random.seed(0)

torch.manual_seed(0)

# load data and make training set #

data = torch.load('traindata.pt')

input = torch.from_numpy(data[3:, :-1])

#[-0.9613, -0.9738, -0.9840, ..., -0.7353, -0.7683, -0.7993]

target = torch.from_numpy(data[3:, 1:])

#[-0.9738, -0.9840, -0.9917, ..., -0.7683, -0.7993, -0.8283]

test_input = torch.from_numpy(data[:3, :-1])

test_target = torch.from_numpy(data[:3, 1:])

# build the model

seq = Sequence()

seq.double()#double()函数来自于object类对象

criterion = nn.MSELoss()#

# use LBFGS as optimizer since we can load the whole data to train

optimizer = optim.LBFGS(seq.parameters(), lr=0.8)

''' paramters()函数

for name, param in self.named_parameters():

yield param

'''

#begin to train

for i in range(15):

print('STEP: ', i)

def closure():

optimizer.zero_grad()

out = seq(input)#因为权重是随机的，当然就会是很错误的数据

loss = criterion(out, target)

print('loss:', loss.item())

loss.backward()

return loss

optimizer.step(closure)

# begin to predict, no need to track gradient here

with torch.no_grad():

future = 1000

pred = seq(test_input, future=future)#用训练好了的网络去预测

loss = criterion(pred[:, :-future], test_target)

print('test loss:', loss.item())

y = pred.detach().numpy()

# draw the result

plt.figure(figsize=(30,10))

plt.title('Predict future values for time sequences\n(Dashlines are predicted values)', fontsize=30)

plt.xlabel('x', fontsize=20)

plt.ylabel('y', fontsize=20)

plt.xticks(fontsize=20)

plt.yticks(fontsize=20)

def draw(yi, color):

plt.plot(np.arange(input.size(1)), yi[:input.size(1)], color, linewidth = 2.0)

plt.plot(np.arange(input.size(1), input.size(1) + future), yi[input.size(1):], color + ':', linewidth = 2.0)

draw(y[0], 'r')

draw(y[1], 'g')

draw(y[2], 'b')

#加一个文件夹

import time ,os #获取日期

time1=time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

sv_path='pre_data/'+time1

os.makedirs(sv_path,exist_ok=True)

plt.savefig(f'{sv_path}/predict%d.pdf'%i)#保存文件在指定文件夹下很方便

plt.close()

#加一个文件夹

import time ,os #获取日期

time1=time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

sv_path='pre_data/'+time1

os.makedirs(sv_path,exist_ok=True)

plt.savefig(f'{sv_path}/predict%d.pdf'%i)#保存文件在指定文件夹下很方便

plt.close()

主要讲解一下这么一小段代码，高手轻拍，主要引入了两个包，time,os分别用来获取当前时间和创建文件夹，保存数据时这两步是必要操作，sv_path='pre_data/'+time1 用于获取年月日，

sv_path='pre_data/'+time1

os.makedirs(sv_path,exist_ok=True)创建多层文件夹目录，用于存放数据

plt.savefig(f'{sv_path}/predict%d.pdf'%i)#保存文件在指定文件夹下很方便

plt.close()调用matplotlib库中已有的函数savefig(path).里面可以保存tiff/png/jpg...等格式